To examine which signalling pathways were evoked in PBMCs in type 2 diabetes, we compared the gene
MLN9708 profiles obtained from type 2 diabetes patients and non-diabetic subjects. Moreover, we compared the gene expression in PBMCs obtained from pre-treated and post-treated patients with type 2 diabetes to explore which signalling pathway could be rescued by the treatment of type 2 diabetes. We screened a total of 535 human pathways determined by BioCarta, the KEGG pathway, and Affymetrix (http://www.affymetrix.com) and extracted the metabolic pathways that were significantly altered in the PBMCs of the subject groups (Table 2, Supplementary Table 2). Various pathways such as the OXPHOS (VOXPHOS_h), MAPK (ST_JNK_MAPK_Pathway_h), and
electron transport chain pathways were significantly altered between subjects with and without diabetes (Table 2, Supplementary Table 2). On the other hand, pathways involved in the stress response, such as the MAPK, TNF signalling, apoptosis, and mTOR signalling pathways, were significantly altered after glycemic control (Table 2, Supplementary Table 2). These pathways were not significantly altered by age, gender, or BMI in the PBMCs of the patients with diabetes (data not shown).
