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The main outcome of interest in the current study was CKD defined as an estimated glomerular P505-15 rate (eGFR) duplication serum creatinine, k is 0.7 for females and 0.9 for males, α is −0.329 for females and −0.411 for males, min indicates the minimum of Scr/k or 1, and max indicates the maximum of Scr/k or 1. Validation studies conducted in Singapore have shown CKD-EPI to be more accurate than MDRD in particular at higher eGFRs [24] and the prevalence of CKD by both MDRD and CKD-EPI to be similar in all three ethnic groups [25] suggesting the adoption of CKD-EPI equation without ethnic adjustment [24].