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LORD-GRINDMONKEY100 03/25/2010 11:24 pm





Windmill


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


This article is about transforming wind energy into rotational energy. For wind-powered generation of electricity, see wind turbine. For Other uses, see Windmill (disambiguation).








This Dutch windmill in Amsterdam was built in 1757 and is identified as De 1100 Roe. It is a smock mill of the type called by the Dutch a grondzeiler ("ground sailer"  , since the sails almost reach the ground.


A windmill is a machine which converts the energy of wind to rotational motion by means of adjustable vanes called sails. The main use is for a grinding mill powered by the wind, reducing a solid or coarse substance into pulp or minute grains, by crushing, grinding, or pressing.[1][2] Windmills have also provided energy to sawmills, paper mills, hammermills, and windpumps for obtaining fresh water from underground or for drainage (especially of land below sea level).


Contents [hide]


1 History


1.1 Vertical-axis windmills


1.2 Horizontal-axis windmills


1.2.1 Horizontal-axle windmills that turn to face the wind


1.2.2 In Canada and the United States


1.2.3 Multi-sailed windmills


2 See also


3 Notes


4 References


5 Further reading


6 External links


[edit]History





See also: History of wind power








The windmills of Campo de Criptana were immortalized in chapter VIII of Don Quixote.


The windwheel of Heron of Alexandria in the 1st century marks one of the first known instances of wind powering a machine in history.[3][4] Another early example of a wind-driven wheel was the prayer wheel, which was used in ancient Tibet and China since the 4th century.[5]


[edit]Vertical-axis windmills


The first practical windmills were the vertical axle windmills invented in eastern Persia, as recorded by the Persian geographer Estakhri in the 9th century.[6][7] The authenticity of an earlier anecdote of a windmill involving the second caliph Umar (AD 634–644) is questioned on the grounds that it appears in a 10th-century document.[8] Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were used to grind grain or draw up water, and were quite different from the later European horizontal-axis versions. Windmills were in widespread use across the Middle East and Central Asia, and later spread to China and India from there.[9]


Some popular treatments of the subject have speculated that, by the 9th century, the Afghanistan-style vertical-axle mills spread to Europe through Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain).[10] This has been denied by the specialist of medieval European technology, Lynn White Jr., who points out that there is no evidence (archaeological or documentary) that the Afghanistan-style vertical-axle windmill spread as far west as Al-Andalus,[11] and notes that "all Iberian windmills rotated on horizontal axles until towards the middle of the fifteenth century."[12] Another historian of technology, Michael Jonathan Taunton Lewis, suggested an alternative route of transmission for the Islamic horizontal-shaft windmill, with its diffusion to the Byzantine Empire and its subsequent transformation into the vertical-shaft windmill in Europe.[13] Late medieval verticle-axle windmills similar to the Islamic/Persian design can be found along this route, particularly in Karpathos, Greece, and Kandia, Crete. The Crusades has also been suggested as another possible route of transmission, though in the sense of "stimulus diffusion," where the idea was diffused rather than the technology itself.[14] However, the debate about whether the European vertical-shaft windmill evolved from the Islamic horizontal-shaft windmill or was an independent development remains unresolved.[13]


[edit]Horizontal-axis windmills





This article ne

LORD-GRINDMONKEY100 Report | 03/25/2010 11:24 pm

Windmill


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


This article is about transforming wind energy into rotational energy. For wind-powered generation of electricity, see wind turbine. For Other uses, see Windmill (disambiguation).








This Dutch windmill in Amsterdam was built in 1757 and is identified as De 1100 Roe. It is a smock mill of the type called by the Dutch a grondzeiler ("ground sailer"), since the sails almost reach the ground.


A windmill is a machine which converts the energy of wind to rotational motion by means of adjustable vanes called sails. The main use is for a grinding mill powered by the wind, reducing a solid or coarse substance into pulp or minute grains, by crushing, grinding, or pressing.[1][2] Windmills have also provided energy to sawmills, paper mills, hammermills, and windpumps for obtaining fresh water from underground or for drainage (especially of land below sea level).


Contents [hide]


1 History


1.1 Vertical-axis windmills


1.2 Horizontal-axis windmills


1.2.1 Horizontal-axle windmills that turn to face the wind


1.2.2 In Canada and the United States


1.2.3 Multi-sailed windmills


2 See also


3 Notes


4 References


5 Further reading


6 External links


[edit]History





See also: History of wind power








The windmills of Campo de Criptana were immortalized in chapter VIII of Don Quixote.


The windwheel of Heron of Alexandria in the 1st century marks one of the first known instances of wind powering a machine in history.[3][4] Another early example of a wind-driven wheel was the prayer wheel, which was used in ancient Tibet and China since the 4th century.[5]


[edit]Vertical-axis windmills


The first practical windmills were the vertical axle windmills invented in eastern Persia, as recorded by the Persian geographer Estakhri in the 9th century.[6][7] The authenticity of an earlier anecdote of a windmill involving the second caliph Umar (AD 634–644) is questioned on the grounds that it appears in a 10th-century document.[8] Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were used to grind grain or draw up water, and were quite different from the later European horizontal-axis versions. Windmills were in widespread use across the Middle East and Central Asia, and later spread to China and India from there.[9]


Some popular treatments of the subject have speculated that, by the 9th century, the Afghanistan-style vertical-axle mills spread to Europe through Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain).[10] This has been denied by the specialist of medieval European technology, Lynn White Jr., who points out that there is no evidence (archaeological or documentary) that the Afghanistan-style vertical-axle windmill spread as far west as Al-Andalus,[11] and notes that "all Iberian windmills rotated on horizontal axles until towards the middle of the fifteenth century."[12] Another historian of technology, Michael Jonathan Taunton Lewis, suggested an alternative route of transmission for the Islamic horizontal-shaft windmill, with its diffusion to the Byzantine Empire and its subsequent transformation into the vertical-shaft windmill in Europe.[13] Late medieval verticle-axle windmills similar to the Islamic/Persian design can be found along this route, particularly in Karpathos, Greece, and Kandia, Crete. The Crusades has also been suggested as another possible route of transmission, though in the sense of "stimulus diffusion," where the idea was diffused rather than the technology itself.[14] However, the debate about whether the European vertical-shaft windmill evolved from the Islamic horizontal-shaft windmill or was an independent development remains unresolved.[13]


[edit]Horizontal-axis windmills





This article needs additional citations for verification.


Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2008)








Medieval depiction of a windmill


Fixed windmills, oriented to the prevailing w

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