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Fig. 3.
Reduction in nasal colonization of S. pneumoniae in PsaA–cdiGMP immunized mice. Left panel: Immunization with PsaA alone does not affect S. pneumoniae carriage in nasal wash. Right panel: Immunization with PsaA admixed with either cdiGMP or CT significantly decreases bacterial burdens in the nasal wash of mice. Groups of BALB/c mice (n = 5) were i.n. immunized with various tumor suppressor p53 formulations as indicated on day 0, 14 and 21, and challenged by i.n. with 1.25 × 107 CFU S. pneumoniae at day 35. Three days after i.n. challenge, mice were euthanized and bacterial burdens in the nasal wash were determined. Data are the means ± SD. ??P pneumoniae. These results support the notion that cdiGMP should be further evaluated for its potential as a mucosal vaccine adjuvant. The present study also characterized the in vivo effects of cdiGMP on the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and the recruitment and activation of pulmonary DCs and, it provided some mechanistic insight into the potential mode of action by this promising mucosal adjuvant.