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Fig. 2.
Effects of bixin and norbixin on PPAR target gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with the vehicle control, bixin (30 or 70 μM), or norbixin (30 or 70 μM) for 10 days to measure target gene expressions of PPARγ. The expressions of target genes were measured by real-time monitoring of RT-PCR. The mRNA expression levels of genes were normalized to the mRNA expression level of the GAPDH gene. The expression levels in MK0752 treated with the vehicle control are set at 100% and relative expression levels are presented as fold inductions with respect to that in cells treated with the vehicle control. Results are shown as means ± SEM normalized to the mRNA expression level of the GAPDH gene in 4–5 experiments. ?P nucleoid full-length system as well as the chimera protein one, norbixin showed weaker activity than bixin. These data suggest that bixin serves as a PPARγ agonist.