です、いる、ある "to be"
です- (to be)
Probably one of the most common and well-known verbs, です is sometimes treated as a separate identity. です can follow other verbs (other than another です; じゃない、じゃありません、じゃありませんでした... can have です follow)
です can be used to tell what the topic is (follows a noun or noun phrase.) Tell what something is like (follows an adjective or adjective phrase), telling where something is located (ここ、あそこ、そこ、むこう、どこ)
In short, it can be used for
definitions, descriptions, and for
relative location words. (Definition) これはペンです。This is a pen.
(Description) あのりんごは赤いです。That apple is red.
あの りんご は あかい です。(Relative location word) 駅はここです。The station is here.
えき は ここ です。
Normal-Politeです- present
isでした- past
was ではありません-negative
is not (はis pronounced as わ)
ではありませんでした-negative-past
was not (は is pronounced as わ)
でしょう-
probablyFor casual speech では is often contracted down to じゃ.
Like:
じゃありません-negative
じゃありませんでした-negative-past
Although the normal-polite form is used a lot, informal forms also are used.
Informalである-
present is
であった-past wasではない- negative
is notではなかった- negative-past
was notであろう-
probablyInformalだ- present
isだった- past
wasではない- negative
is notではなかった- negative-past
was notだろう-
probablyLike previously states, では can become じゃ for casual speech.
じゃない- negative
is notじゃなかった- negative-past
was notです and だ can be used for both written and spoken Japanese, although だ is used among family and friends. である is informal, can be used to add a bit of formal flavour to text. だ and である are used for written language like books, newspapers, and diaries.
ある- to be
ある, like ですand いるmeans "to be", but is used for everything that です and いる do not do.
Informalある
あった
ない
なかった
Informalいる- to be
いる, like です and ある means " to be", but is used for people and animals. It can be used and found a lot coming after other verbs. An example is 知っています (しっています)
いる
いた
いない
いなかった
*The normal-polite for ある and いる are the ます forms. Look at the post below this one for the ます verbs.
Picture for how です became: