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How 'bout that update?
  Nice morphology chart you've got there.
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Xeigrich
Vice Captain

PostPosted: Sat Oct 21, 2006 2:05 pm


NEWS: Anzer Pex morphology is now finalized! That means... I should have an easier time making words! I also realized that I have a News section AND an Updates section; if you're suspicious about that, well, News is for news, which may include updates, but Updates is only for when I actually update this thread with new content (besides News and bumps).

Contest is still on hold indefinitely. I are broked still, and Anzer Pex still needs woorrrds. I promise I'm workin' on it!


meltes! kalam a'nta-is ke mo-idu a'nze'rpex!


Thread Table of Contents
1. Introduction and Updates Log
2. Writing System and Romanization
3. Phonetics and Speech
4. Sample Vocab and Morphology
5. Grammar/Syntax
6. Verbs and Conjugation
7. Extended Vocab
8. Culture and Background
9. Sentences and Translations
10. Other Notes/Misc/To Do



1~~~INTRODUCTION


User Image


~Name~
The name Anzer Pex means "solution to expressing thought" in its own lexicon. When written, it is actually "a'nze'rpex" but in English we'll write it "Anzer Pex."

~Inspiration~
Anzer Pex is kinda like the sequel to Danga, but it is meant to be the first language ever (which would mean God speaks Anzer Pex and all humans spoke Anzer Pex even before Hebrew and all that Tower of Babel stuff). Of course, this isn't true, and I can't change history, so Anzer Pex comes with it's own alternate history.

~Philosophy~
Remeber that the whole point of Anzer Pex is that it is the "solution to expressing thought" and thus will be well equipped for getting the message across clearly. Anzer Pex should be complex enough to communicate detailed, complicated ideas in subjects like science, anatomy and math. I doubt I could ever come up with with words for all the special terms, so mostly the Latin and English terms would be used in those situations. However, provided I can expand the lexicon enough, Anzer Pex should be able to hold translated works without losing much of the original's meaning. (I look forward to trying to translate simple manga or childrens' books into Anzer Pex!)

~Sources~
Anzer Pex is going to have a Greek-ish, Latin-ish ancient sound. As with Danga, I will be snatching things I like from languages I've dabbled in or studied, which include English, Latin, Greek, Japanese, German, Spanish, Russian, and a bunch of others I've looked over. While I'm mostly shooting for the Greek/Latin style, Anzer Pex is in no way supposed to imitate those languages in any functional way.

~Structure and Outlook~
Lookin' good so far. I anticipate much greater ease of creating words and grammar et cetera than I had with Danga. Anzer Pex doesn't have such strict rules. Also, Anzer Pex might be categorized as a priori in terms of vocabulary construction, but I prefer the term "pseudo-a priori". This just means that in making up words for Anzer Pex, I do not take from existing, real language words, but I make them up myself (the pseudo part just means I don't really use the categorization of chunks to make compound words... a better term might be "non-taxonomic a priori").

~UPDATES~
I finally finalized the morphology. See this chart, or check up on the morphology section of Section 4 - Sample Vocab and Morphology
PostPosted: Sat Oct 21, 2006 2:06 pm


2~~~WRITING SYSTEM AND ROMANIZATION


Here is a sample of all the vowels:

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The first five Independent Vowels have a dot above them, and the other three have a dot below them. The characters for 'ae,' 'uh,' and 'ih' correspond to the characters for 'ah,' 'eh,' and 'ee' but with their dots below them.

In the Simple-Diphthongs, the W sound is written with the 'oo' character, and the Y sound is written with the 'ee' character. To write a sound such as 'ya' you would write the character for 'ee' and the character for 'ah' close together, but instead of dotting them, you would mark a single curve above both of them, connecting where the dots would have been placed. This shows that the two vowel sounds are a diphthong. If you left them dotted, the sound would be "ee, ah" rather than a smooth "ya". But wait, how do you tell 'ya' from 'yae' or 'wu' from 'wuh'?? This is simple... You just place the connecting curve beneath the two characters. This shows that the later vowel sound will be one of the last three Independent Vowels.

For the Complex-Diphtongs, you write them just like Simple ones. For example, 'ai' would be 'ah' and 'ee' close together, connected above with a curve; the same goes for 'ei' and 'oy' and 'ow,' but remember the Y sound is represented with the character for 'ee' and the W sound is represented with the character for 'oo'.
What about 'oouh'? First off, this sound is very close to [ʊ] according to the IPA. You find it in English in words like hook, book, push, foot, etc (mainly in American accents). To write it, you use the 'oo' character WITH the dot above it, next to the 'uh' character, but with a curve connecting the two underneath (no bottom dot for the 'uh' character).

This probably sounds confusing, but it really isn't very complicated. You can think of it as simply connecting the diphthong'ed vowels. Yes, a diphthong can change the meaning of a word, but not in a "stem change" sort of way. This means that turning two vowels into a diphthong will not change the form of a word, but will make it a completely different word.

Also... Why do the independent vowels have dots? That's simply so that you can more easily see the vowels in a character, and makes it harder to confuse a vowel (or diphthong) for a consonant.

Here is a sample of all the consonants:

User Image


The consonants are all pretty straightforward. No dots or connectors to worry about.

--Romanization

Most of this should be easy.

(sound as shown in charts) = (romanized form)

ah = a
eh = e
ee = i
oo = u
oh = o
ae = a'
uh = e'
ih = i'

wa = wa
wae = wa'
ye = ye
yuh = ye'
(and so forth)

ai = a-i
ei = e-i
oy = o-i
ow = a-u
oouh = u-u

ch = c
sh = s-h
th = t-h
th' = t-h'
zh = z-h
ng = n-g

Just a few important things to remember: when reading or writing romanized Anzer Pex, you never show a sound with more than one letter without a hyphen. It kind of works like the diphthong connector, as it shows that two hyphened letters represent a single sound. For example, the "sh" character must be written s-h when romanized because simply writing sh would mean "s" and "h" separately, thus being two Anzer Pex characters and changing the sound and the word. For example, the English word "bishop" would be romanized (spelled?) bi's-he'p... NOT bi'she'p as that would be pronounced "biss, hup". Hopefully you get the idea by now. Also notice that there is t-h and t-h'... The difference is that t-h is unvoiced like in "bath" or "thing" but t-h' is voiced as in "this" or "those". For more on pronunciation and the sounds of different characters, see section 3.

The first five vowels are written plainly. The other three have a following apostrophe. Remember the characters for "ae," "uh," and "ih" correspond to the characters for "a," "e," and "i" but with the dots on the bottom; the romanized forms of the last 3 are apostrophe'd to mirror this and keep the 'one letter per sound' rule.

For Simple-Diphthongs (as with some consonants), this rule is expanded to 'one letter per character'. This is why sounds such as "wa" and "wae" and "wuh" are romanized to wa and wa' and we'. The W stands for the "oo" sound in the diphthong, but makes it easier to romanize than u-a or u-a'. It's also much easier to read.

Finally, for the Complex-Diphthongs, the letters are connected with a hyphen to show that it's a diphthong vowel and not separate vowels, just like with those few consonants. The same applies here: a word like "hight" would be romanized ha-it and not hait as the latter would be pronounced "ha, eet". Since there are only a few Complex-Diphthongs and their romanizations are set for simplicity and ease of reading, it is unnecessary and incorrect to romanize the "ow" and "oouh" characters as a'-u and w-u' (or u-u') respectively.

There are also Triphthongs, but they don't occur often (if at all) in Anzer Pex. They're called Triphthongs because they are like two diphthongs fused into one three-part monosyllabic sound. This can be seen in "wow" which is like wa' and a-u fused into wa'-u. In Anzer Pex, a Triphthong is a Simple Diphthong with an Independent Vowel welded onto the end. To show this in romanization, you just tack on an extra hyphen and vowel. For example, the sound of the English word "wow" would be romanized wa'-u (but not u-a'-u). Keep in mind, a Triphthong starts off with a Simple Diphthong (a W or Y diphthong), so it should be written to include the existing diphthong romanization starting it; thus u-a' is the same as wa', and we already know to use wa', so it should be used instead of trying to break the diphthong down into more elements. So far, the Triphthongs I've figured out for possible use in Anzer Pex are wa'-u (wow), we-i (way), wa-i (why), wo-i (woy), wu-u (woouh), ya-u (yow), ye-i (yay), ya-i (ya ee), yo-i (yoy), and yu-u (yoouh).

Xeigrich
Vice Captain


Xeigrich
Vice Captain

PostPosted: Sat Oct 21, 2006 2:08 pm


3~~~PHONETICS AND SPEECH


~Vowels~

There are many vowels in Anzer Pex. They are divided into three groups: Independent Vowels, Simple-Diphthongs, and Complex-Diphthongs. In Anzer Pex, diphthongs are written differently from separate vowels as a means of disambiguation in situations with continuous vowels.

Independent Vowels
ah, eh, ee, oo, oh, ae, uh, ih

Simple-Diphthongs
wa, we, wi, wu, wo, wae, wuh, wih
ya, ye, yi, yu, yo, yae, yuh, yih

Complex-Diphthongs
ai, ei, oy, ow, oouh
(high, hey, boy, cow, push)

Tripthongs
wa'-u (wow), we-i (way), wa-i (why), wo-i (woy), wu-u (woouh)
ya-u (yow), ye-i (yay), ya-i (ya-ee), yo-i (yoy), yu-u (yoouh)

As you can see, the Independent Vowels are just plain, single vowels. Nothing special here. The Simple-Diphthongs are just Y+Vowel and W+Vowel, because they are considered vowel sounds but Y and W have no independent vowel equivalent, and are not used as consonants. As for the Complex-Diphthongs, these are are the 'real diphthongs'.

There are also Triphthongs, but they don't occur often (if at all) in Anzer Pex. They're called Triphthongs because they are like two diphthongs fused into one three-part monosyllabic sound. For the most part, Triphthongs are used in adaptations of foreign words, but can be found sparsely in some native words. For more on Triphthongs, see the end of Section 2.

~Consonants~

Nowhere near as complicated as the vowels. You have the following basic sounds: b, ch, d, f, g (grow), h, j (joke), k, l, m, n, p, r, s, sh, t, th (bath), th (this), v, x ("ks"), z, zh (pleasure) and ng (thong).

The Rest: I'm hoping for Anzer Pex to have a sort of Latin- or Greek-like ancient-ish sound. That might depend on the morphology than on the sounds of the characters.
PostPosted: Sat Oct 21, 2006 2:21 pm


4~~~SAMPLE VOCAB AND MORPHOLOGY

Ok, here's your first taste of Anzer Pex words!

~Sample Vocab~

Numbers

DIGITS
0 = vo-it
1 = mal
2 = de
3 = bal
4 = gu
5 = te'l
6 = pi
7 = nak
8 = li
9 = nut

TENS
10 = mes
20 = deos
30 = beos
40 = guos
50 = tuos
60 = pios
70 = naos
80 = lios
90 = nuos

HUNDREDS
100 = mese'n
200 = dese'n
300 = base'n
400 = guse'n
500 = tuse'n
600 = pise'n
700 = nase'n
800 = lise'n
900 = nuse'n

THOUSANDS
1,000 = mece's
10,000 = mesmece's
100,000 = mesu'nmece's
1,000,000 = meli'x
10,000,000 = mesmeli'x
1,000,000,000 = megat

BASE FRACTIONS
1/2 = denye'
1/3 = balnye'
1/4 = gunye'
1/5 = te'lnye'
1/10 = mesnye'
1/100 = mese'nnye'
(note you have to pause on the N's to get them both in)

And now the long ones... Examples of combined numbers.

12 = mes de
23 = deos bal
45 = guos te'l
256 = dese'n tuos pi
2006 = dece's pi
4,372 = guce's base'n naos de
316,421,914 = base'n mes pili'x guse'n deos mece's nuse'n mes gu
1,110,010,000 = megat mese'n mesmeli'x mesmece's

Looks hard? It really isn't. It works a lot like the English system. Try doing some on your own. Just remember that the form of the number used for the 100's part is the same as for thousands, millions, etc. Only the ones and 10's are unique.

Some Other Words...

PRONOUNS
mo-i = I, me
va-u = you
ket = neutral 3rd person pronoun (it)(gender unspecified or irrelevant)
kezu = he, him, masc 3pp (male living thing)
kelts = she, her, fem 3pp (female living thing)
kele = it, neuter 3pp (genderless or "other" living thing)
mo-idu = we, us, all of us
va-udu = you (pl.), all of you, ya'll
kedu = they, them, "plural" 3pp
nom = one, they, 'you' (hypothetical 3rd person pronoun)
net = this (pronoun or adjective)
nomos = who
kelos = what

COMMON NOUNS
anpex = language
lat = water
mele'tos = pencil, pen, writing instrument
netsol = today (lit. "this day")
ni'me' = money
si'ge'ros = magic
sol = day
parce' = paper
s-hac-h = store
s-hi'me' = coin
trame'ltex = planet, inhabitable heavenly body

PREPOSITIONS
fi's = on (physically touching) (resting on top of)
i'lm = to (towards, into; with intransitive verbs; movement)
sas = to (transitive; use with direct object)

ADJECTIVES
vi'x = on, activated, running, working, started/begun
ni'p = off, deactivated, free from activity/duty, finished
ko-il = hot
sip = cold
ko-iluts = warm
siputs = cool
ko-ilura = very hot, boiling, melted
sipura = very cold, freezing, frozen

IMPORTANT VERBS
i'x = to be
palt = to happen to be, "there is"
mak = to be going to; "will"; marks future tense (after verb);

COMMON VERBS
gi't = to go
mele'tos ta-u = to write (down), to use a pencil to write
mele'ta-is = to write, to compose
s-hel = to give

MISC
tol = the (def article)(only used in certain situations)
ta-u = noun to verb state converter particle; means "to use (noun)"
te'm = verb to adj. state converter particle; works like English "-ing"
:uts = suffix meaning "a little"
:ura = suffix meaning "a lot" or "very"
ny-ask = Caution! Be careful! Beware! (interjection)
(Note: Here, preceding colon indicates a suffix)

COLORS
krus = red
kram = green
hyume' = brown
pe'nd = blue
rozal = yellow
a'kri'n = orange
varam = purple
kruza = pink, light red
za-il = white (also: light of day)
tels-h = black (also: ebony, darkness)
kra-iz = gold (also: gold plated, golden)
argos = silver (also: silver plated, silvern)

~Morphology Conventions~

State Conversion

First off, it's important to know that each word has a "dictionary state" or "natural state." The dictionary state is sort of like the root of the word when we're dealing with what "state" the word is in. The state of the word is what it's part-of-speech or functionality is. Thus a word like ko-il has an adjective dictionary state. By adding the noun state marker (as yet undefined), you can take such an adjective and make it a noun. In this case, ko-il would become (?) and would mean "hot thing" or "hotness" (depending on context or established previous usage) rather than "hot" as an adjective. It is also important to know how to tell if a word is in dictionary state or not! I'll cover more on state conversion later.

Morphological Rules

With Anzer Pex, there are no strict guidelines or a list of "do's and don'ts"* for creating or forming new words. Commonly, words end with a consonant, although words may definitely end with. A consonant ending is much more common and often preferred. There are also specific consonant and vowel+consonant combinations that should not occur. Words should not end with 4 or more vowel sounds, regardless of diphthong status; really, 3 vowels on the end of an Anzer Pex word is kinda stretching it a little, but is OK in some cases (especially with loanwords). Also, it's best to avoid a Japanese style consonant-vowel repeated pattern.

For an in-depth look at the morphology, check out this chart of compatible sounds: Anzer Pex Sound Chart (Syllable). These rules only apply within syllables, not whole words.

NOTE: The only thing the chart doesn't explain is that -- within a syllable -- certain vowel sounds cannot precede and/or follow certain consonant sounds. For example, the a' sound cannot come before an r sound, and an r sound can't come before a diphthong starting with y or w.
NOTE: Regarding h, which might be confusing from the rules above, it basically shouldn't be used without a vowel following it. Exceptions may be made for interjections.


Filler: This will be a hot point of Anzer Pex. I'm hoping to come up with a system for making any word into a word of a different function.

For example, how to make a noun into an adjective or how to use a noun as an adjective. As a comparison, you can do this in English and German by making compound nouns (ie "cake that is like cheese" -- the cheesecake; der Käsekuchen) and in English sometimes by just using the noun as if it were an adjective (ie "office building" or "vegetable garden"). Another good example from English is making a noun into a verb or using a noun as a verb and vice versa. It's common practice in English to use nouns and verbs interchangeably, and most people don't realize it because English nouns and verbs are not formed/spelled systematically differently by nature. In English, however, this is mostly confined to slang speech, poetry and some classical or clever literature (like Shakespeare), but is still generally understandable within context.

*I just realized that the English idiomatic expression "dos and don'ts" is a good example of state conversion. Native English speakers won't think twice about an expression such as this, even if unfamiliar with it, and will quickly realize what is meant: "things you should do and things you shouldn't do".

Xeigrich
Vice Captain


Xeigrich
Vice Captain

PostPosted: Sat Oct 21, 2006 2:24 pm


5~~~GRAMMAR/SYNTAX

Quickies...
Word Order: VSO
AP Order: PMT

By default, Anzer Pex has a strict standard syntax. When this syntax is followed, only words with converted states need state markers. For simple sentences, Verb-Subject-Object word order is used with Place-Manner-Time adpositional phrase order. A simple sentence would go something like this:

AnzerPex -- mele'tos tau mo-i fi's parce'.
Literal -- Write I on paper.
English -- I write on paper.


Here, mele'tos tau is a verb (verb phrase?) meaning "to write" or more literally, "to use a pencil." First position. Note that tau is a special state conversion marker that attaches to a noun to make a verb meaning "to use (noun)." Second is the subject, mo-i, the first person personal pronoun. Third is the preposition fi's, meaning "on" and fourth is the prepositional object, a noun, parce'.

Now for a slightly more complex sentence:

AnzerPex -- gi't mak mo-i i'lm s-hac-h netsol.
Literal -- Go (will) I to store today.
English -- I will go to the store today.


A few points to note here. First, gi't is the verb "to go" and mak is the Future Tense particle. When used following a verb, mak modifies it into the future tense. In this sense (with gi't), it means "I will go" and "I'm going to go" but NOT "I'm going" (that's a different tense!). Second, i'lm means "to" but only in the intransitive sense. It is used to express movement "to" someplace or a shift "to" something else, but never transitive "to" as in giving something "to" someone (the word sas does that). Finally is netsol. It's a compound word formed from net meaning "this" and sol meaning "day." So, netsol literally means "this day" and used exactly as English "today." I'm pretty sure that netsol is being used as an adverb of time (technically modifying "when" the verb will happen?), which means it goes at the end of simpler sentences (this rule is pending). For more complicated sentences, the adverb of time would go at the end of the clause.

~Forming Long or Complex Sentences~

Most native English speakers have been taught to avoid "run-on" sentences, but in Anzer Pex, there is no such rule. As long as each clause is otherwise grammatically acceptable -- including proper conjunctions -- a sentence can stretch on, clause after clause.

A clause in Anzer Pex is much like a clause in most moder natlangs. You must have a verb, then a subject, with optionally other elements following, such as direct/indirect objects, etc. A clause by itself is a plain sentence. You can connect two independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction (similar to "and," "then," etc). You can attach a dependent clause to an independent clause using a subordinating conjunction ("because" etc). However, if you have an independent clause followed by a dependent clause then followed by another independent clause, the dependent clause will only be relevant to the preceding independent clause in order to preserve coherence in the "run-on" nature of Anzer Pex.

Anzer Pex has inclusive and exclusive coordinating conjunctions and separate conjunctions for connecting words, phrases, or clauses. It is important to note that "inclusive" means the conjunction is relative on a large scale, whereas "exclusive" means the conjunction is only relative to the units between which it sits.

~Coordinating Conjunctions: Inclusive and Exclusive~

Inclusive:
ban = for
ef = and
fu = but
cas = or, nor
dat = yet
s-hik = so

Exclusive:
bani = for
efi = and
fuhi = but
casi = or, nor
dati = yet
s-hiki = so

Inclusive coordinating conjunctions connect to a larger body such as a list, whereas exclusive coordinating conjunctions are limited to affecting only the two adjacent units. The two types of conjunctions are primarily used for grouping phrases which leads to less ambiguity. For example...

Inclusive usage: I like (peanut butter) and (jelly) (sandwiches) and (eggs) for breakfast.
Exclusive usage: I like ((peanut butter) and (jelly) sandwiches) and (eggs) for breakfast.

In the first case, both conjunctions are inclusive and thus connect all three units in the list equally. In the second case, the first conjunction is exclusive and only affects the two adjacent units, creating a single agglutinated unit which is a solid phrase. The second conjunction is used inclusively and connects the phrase created by the exclusive conjunction with the final unit in the list. Here, the second usage is more appropriate and clear, but the first usage is not incorrect -- just unclear or confusing. Assuming appropriate context, the first usage is perfectly acceptable in common speech or writing.

It is important to note that conjunctions are always used in the inclusive form except when individually connection two adjacent units. A unit can be a word, phrase, or clause. If a conjunction is to introduce a dependent clause, a subordinating conjunction must be used to connect the dependent clause to the independent clause.

Also note that there is no separate "nor" conjunction. In situations where "nor" would be used, just use the conjunction cas (or) with a negative on the verb ("It isn't this or that."). Alternately, you may use ef (and) with negated nouns ("It's not this and not that."). Anzer Pex does not have "correlative conjunctions" such as "neither...nor," "both...and," or "either...or."

~Subordinating Conjunctions: Dependent Clauses~

A subordinating conjunction works similarly to a coordinating conjunction except it only introduces a dependent clause. A dependent clause in Anzer Pex can be an incomplete sentence, a sentence that actually depends on an independent clause for coherence, or clause with some sort of temporal or conditional terms such as "if," "when" or "because."

eklos = because ("from why")
ba-idos = if ("for when")
balos = so that ("for why")
yeros = after ("behind when")
jete'dos = when ("at when")
ju-udos = while ("during when")

Note there is no single word for "although" or "even though;" to express this, you simply express the independent clause positively, then use the exclusive coordinating conjunction fuhi to introduce the second clause as another independent clause. Example: "I love milk, but I'm lactose intolerant." instead of "Although I am lactose intolerant, I love milk."

~Grammar: Subject End Markers and Grammatical Mood~

This is where it all starts getting good. You may or may not have noticed, but with the VSO word order, there's a possibility that you won't be able to tell the subject apart from the predicate or objects. For simpler sentences such as the examples in the previous section, it's OK for this to occur, because the ambiguity is only minimal, and although the sentence might be translated or interpreted different ways, the same basic meaning is achieved. You can say, "The cat is smart." or you can say "It's a smart cat." and although there are slightly different focuses, you still know that there is a cat, and it's smart. It is the same with "The ball is a toy" and "The toy is a ball." It works either way because both parts are technically subjects ("is" is a copula verb).

It's optional in simpler sentences, and technically still optional with more complicated sentences, but you can and often should use a Subject End Marker. An SEM is a particle (marker) that follows the last word of the subject, denoting it's end and alerting the reader/listener to the coming predicate. The SEM also has another function: it explicitly gives the grammatical mood related to the main verb, although separate from it. In many languages, the grammatical mood is implied by adding extra verbs and strange constructs (i.e. English) and in others it may be given as part of a verb (Spanish, Japanese).

It is important to know the following:
--The SEM is never mandatory, but it's extremely useful and usage is strongly encouraged.
--Intentionally leaving out an SEM in complicated sentences may make it seem teasing and cryptic or just confusing. It can also add multiple meanings. This is more of a literary device than a language feature.
--The SEM always gives a grammatical mood. The default is Indicative-Neutral.
--The SEM is not the only way to add grammatical moods. There are (read: will be) some English-like ways of adding verbs and idiomatic phrases which also give a grammatical mood (these should be used carefully to avoid conflicts with an SEM).

Here are the Subject End Markers and their respective moods:

SEM - Mood - Effect; Notes
balk - Indicative-Neutral - N/A Doesn't interfere with moods set by verbs or idiomatic phrases
balse'm - Generic - Indicates a generality; Creates a broad, inclusive statement
balke's - Conditional - "would ___"; May introduce an "if" or "but" clause
balest - Potential - "can ___"; Always indicates assured likelihood
balte'm - Subjunctive - Subtle unlikeliness or improbability, opinion; Used when a statement may not be true or is an unrealistic hope/want
balko-im - Dismissive - Direct disbelief or contempt; "I really don't believe it, but...." or "As if actually..."
balmo - Suggestive - "think (that)..."; Suggestion in speaker's viewpoint
baltir - Desiderative - "want (that)..."; Expresses speaker's desire
baltis - Optative - "hope (that)..."; Expresses speaker's hope


~Grammar: Emphasis, Exclamations, and Questions~

I figure, why muck up the whole thing by screwing around the word order... just to include an method for implying emphasis? Make the word order something solid and usable, and just throw in a random emphasis particle! Already using a few other particles. Simplifies the whole thing, and I think it's a better idea overall. That, and I didn't feel like working out all the zany kinks and bothering with labeling EACH word in a rearranged sentence (hehehe).

So, the point of this is: you can directly point out emphasized words by adding an emphasis marker before the word. You can emphasize multiple words, but you shouldn't emphasize more than one or two words in a row. It's equivalent to writing a word in caps or, when speaking, adding a pause before the word or a change in tone.

To emphasize a single word...
mi'k
Placed before the emphasized word. Word emphasis is important for asking clear, non-interrogative questions in Anzer Pex.

To emphasize a phrase...
mika ... kam
Placed before the first and before the last words in the phrase, respectively. Never double emphasize words within a phrase emphasis.

To emphasize the whole sentence (exclamation)...
kalam
Placed at the beginning of the sentence. You can actually double emphasize individual words within the emphasized sentence, but it's rarely necessary. Also, there is an exclamation point-like punctuation mark, but it's not necessary (just like the question mark-like punctuation, as there is a question particle).

And, just for the heck of it, the generic question particle...
fet
Placed at the beginning of the sentence, even before an emphasis particle. Note that the generic question particle can be placed at the beginning of an independent clause, so you can start off a sentence as a statement, then sort of segue into a question for the remainder; it will act as a coordinating conjunction. Oh, and there are interrogative pronouns, but I haven't gotten around to those yet.


~Demonstratives~
This section may end up needing a lot of explanation. For now, make do with cheap examples.

PRONOUN
nes-h = this "This is a book."
ves-h = that (2nd Person) "That is a book."
les-h = that (over there) "That (over there) is a book."

ADJECTIVE
net = this "This book is heavy."
vet = that (2nd Person) "That book is heavy."
let = that (over there) "That book (over there) is heavy."

ADVERB
nea = this way "Do in this manner." "Be like this." "Go that way."
vea = that way (2nd Person) "Do it in that manner." "Be like that (how you already are)."
lea = that way (...) "Do it in that other manner." "Do it the other way."

VERB
na-is = to do/be this "to do what is being done" "to be what is being been" "Bob did this once."
va-is = to do/be that (2nd Person) "to do what you are doing" "to be what you are (being)" "Bob did that once."
la-is = to do/be that (...) "Bob did that (other thing) once."

DISCOURSE DEICTIC (ABSTRACT)(Refers to context or utterance/statement)
neros = this (what I'm saying) "This is an example sentence." (also reflexive)
veros = that (what you said) "That's a good idea."
leros = that (what was said before) "I told her. She didn't like that."
keros = that (something else which was said before) "That is the law."

Demonstratives in general refer to something which is external contextually from speech or writing. The demonstratives of Anzer Pex are remarkably more complicated that those of English, which only uses "this/these" and "that/those" for any demonstrative situation which may arise. "Yonder" and "Yon" have fallen out of common use. Anzer Pex has different words for each different situation and orientation, whether what your referring to is "here" (nearer to the speaker), "there" (nearer to the listener), or "over there/yonder" (over there; nearer to speaker nor listener), and in abstract situations, one for "completely beyond sight or recent mention." Another difference is that in English, the demonstratives are pronouns or adjectives, but in Anzer Pex, true to its nature, they can be any part of speech. See this all explained below.

Demonstrative Pronouns -- As a pronoun, the demonstratives can be used just like any other pronoun or noun. This is the most common use and is most familiar to English speakers. When saying "this," "that," or "that (over there)" as pronouns in Anzer Pex, you are referring to a specific object.

Demonstrative Adjectives -- These are the second most common in English and should also be familiar. A demonstrative adjective will modify a noun as a means of specifying "which" thing, such as "this book" or "that cup," which will infer a spatial approximation in relevance to the position of the thing in mention and which demonstrative is used. Keep in mind that a demonstrative pronoun, such as "this" can often replace a more specific demonstrative adjective-noun phrase such as "this book" in cases where "book" is understood and doesn't need to be mentioned.

Demonstrative Adverbs -- This concept may be a little strange to English speakers. Rather than referring to a thing, or specifying which thing, using a demonstrative adverb (of manner) will modify a verb or adjective to infer "how" something is done or to relate an adjective to something else. In English, this situation may be considered a simile, or a "like/as" relationship. For example, in English, you might say, "Bob eats like a pig," but in Anzer Pex, the phrasing would be transliterated more like "Bob eats like that way a pig does." Also, you can say something like "Bob eats this way" or "Bob eats that way," referring to something understood or nonverbally demonstrated. As for adjectives, an English example, "Bob is that fat," generally works the same way in Anzer Pex, where "just how fat?" is demonstrated by understanding or otherwise nonverbally.

Demonstrative Verbs -- This may seem even stranger. The basic way the demonstrative verbs work, is that they infer relevant spacial approximation without a specific verb. This means that instead of having to say "(Do) it this way" (using the verb "do," the dem. adj. "this" and the noun "way"), you just say "(do this way)" (just one verb). There really doesn't seem to be any English equivalent for this, so it is difficult to give examples in English. Basically, the verbs can mean to do, to be, or to go, and then rely on demonstration for "in what manner" or "in what way." Oh, one more quick example, you can say va-is ke! which literally means "Be that way!"

Demonstrative Discourse Deictics (Abstract) -- This concept is probably VERY awkward to English speakers. Never fear, it can be understood. Basically, these words refer to something which is being said or has been said, and sometimes to very abstract nouns such as thoughts, ideas, laws, myths, situations and the inexplicable "that" or "it" of English. These words are technically pronouns, and function as so, but are only used in places where the regular dem. pronouns should not be used.

Here is a list of cases, in English, where the demonstrative discourse deictics would be used, in Anzer Pex:

This isn't looking good. (This = any speech, writing, situation, etc; general and very abstract)*1x
vex mi'mne' ne'r neros kon. (Transliteration)
This is a sentence. (This = what I'm saying)*1
This isn't grammatically correct. (This = something I've written/said)*1
That's no good. (That = what you said)*2
i'x veros vex kon. (Transliteration)
That won't work! (That = your plan/idea)*2
You know that's a lie. (That = what someone else said)*3
peca-is va-u [sub. clause conjunction] i'x leros [lie].
I heard you could die from that. (That = some myth situation)*4
[hear] pek mo-i [sub. clause conj.] [could] [die] va-u [from] keros.
This looks like fun! (This = the situation I'm in or about to be in)*1
Those are the rules, so don't break them. (Those = detailed rules, assume previous mention)*4
Mom said not to do that. (That = something mom said previously, likely not recently)*4
I told him, but he didn't like it. (It = what I told him)*3
a'nta-is pek mo-i sas kezu fu vex vema-is pek kezu leros. (I said to him, but he liked it not)
It's snowing! (It = this weather, assuming 'snowing' is participle adj.)*1?
i'x neros [to snow] te'm. (This is snowing (weather)). -??

If you're still confused, just wait it out. I hope to have each example in the list matched with the appropriate sentence in Anzer Pex for clarification (expect this once lexicon is big enough).
PostPosted: Sat Oct 21, 2006 2:28 pm


6~~~VERBS AND CONJUGATION

Here's what I've got so far. Verbs do not conjugate, but take a following tense particle. Here are all the tenses and their particles:

TENSE or FORM PARTICLE ENGLISH EQUIVALENT ("PLAY")
Infinitive - ni'm - to play
Present Simple - N/A(null) - I play
Present Perfect - neot - I have played
Present Part. (Cont.) - ne'r - I am playing
Present Perfect Part. - netre' - I have been playing
Past Simple (Preterit) - pek - I played
Past Perfect - peot - I had played
Past Participle - pe'r - I was playing
Past Perfect Participle - petre' - I had been playing
Future Simple - mak - I will play; I'm going to play
Future Mod. (Impending) - moka - I'm about to play
Imperative (Command) - ke - Play! Let's play!
Gerund (Noun) - mot - Playing (is fun.)
Participle (Adjective) - te'm - (The) playing (children.)


A bunch of important notes/rules:

--Verbs do not inflect, conjugate, or change form in anyway.
--There is no need or even a way to express Subject-Verb agreement.
--Infinitive, Present, and Past tenses are used almost exactly as they are in English.
--In some cases, the Present Participle (Continuous) tense can be used without a subject. This has a similar effect as in English, such as saying "It's raining." This is useful for saying what is happening, regardless of who is doing it.
--Future Simple expresses "I'm going to, but not yet," however, the Future Modified (Impending) expresses "I'm in the process of initiating action" or "I'm going to be doing this very soon." The two are NOT interchangeable in most cases.
--Imperative (Command) usually still has a subject, either 2nd Person Singular or Plural, but can be used (crudely) without a subject.
--Using 1st Person Sing. or Pl. with Imperative (Command) forms the "Let me __" and "Let's __" constructs respectively.
--The Gerund (Noun) tense particle is actually the Verb to Noun State Converter particle. A Gerund (Noun) form of a verb has all the possible uses as a natural noun.
--The Participle (Adj.) tense particle is actually the Verb to Adj. State Converter particle. A Participle (Adj.) form of a verb has all the possible uses as a natural adjective.
--When using the Participle (Adj.) tense/form, be careful of usage. Consider "to annoy," with the participle form "annoying." You can say "the annoying children," however, there is a different way to express "the annoyed parents," for example. Since this other type of verbal adjective functions quite differently than the Participle (Adj.) tense/form, it is not included here as a tense/form. See State Conversion for how to form that type of adjective from a verb.
--The Participle (Adj.) form can be used in place of a verb in some special cases. Consider the difference between saying "I am dying" (dying = Pres. Part. verb) in the sense of "I am becoming dead" as compared to "I am dying" (dying = Part. (Adj.)) in the sense of "I am almost dead."


I'm tossing around a few ideas here.
These are some concepts I'm considering but am unsure about:

-Verbjectives! I also call these "copula-free adjectives." I don't know the real word for this, but Japanese does it... It's where you have some adjectives that can be directly used as a verb without saying "is"... For example, the adjective "blue" could be used as so: "Book blue" (assuming Anzer Pex vocabulary) to mean "The book is blue" in English. This should be rather easy to throw in, because most words will be able to be converted to verbs anyway, so why not throw in a standard way to use adjectives as verbs without needing a copula?

Xeigrich
Vice Captain


Xeigrich
Vice Captain

PostPosted: Sat Oct 21, 2006 2:41 pm


7~~~EXTENDED VOCAB

These are ALL the words I've got so far. I'll keep updating this as I come up with more, until the post gets too big and grotesquely long.

PRONOUNS
mo-i = I, me
mo-idu = we, us, all of us
mo-ite'm = my (Pos. Adj.)
mo-idem = our (Pos. Adj.)
va-u = you
va-udu = you (pl.), all of you, y'all
va-ute'm = your (Pos. Adj.)
va-udem = your (pl.) (Pos. Adj.)
ket = neutral 3rd person pronoun (it)(gender unspecified or irrelevant)
kezu = he, him, masc 3pp (male living thing)
kelts = she, her, fem 3pp (female living thing)
kele = it, neuter 3pp (genderless or "other" living thing)
kedu = they, them, "plural" 3pp
kete'm = neutral 3rd (its)(...) (Pos. Adj.)
keze'm = his (Pos. Adj.)
keltse'm = her (Pos. Adj.)
kele'm = its (Pos. Adj.)
kedem = their (Pos. Adj.)
nom = one, they, 'you' (hypothetical 3rd person pronoun)
nomos = who
kelos = what
kenmos = which
otos = thing, something

COMMON NOUNS
anpex = language
i'tmex = body, mortal form
kotos = book, tome, text(book)
lat = water
mele'tos = pencil, pen, writing instrument
netsol = today (lit. "this day")
ma'sk = mathematics, math (often implies arithmetic)
mos = sight, one's eyes
motos = eye, eyeball, sight organ
ni'me' = money
parce' = paper
si'ge'ros = magic
s-hac = store
s-hest = fish
s-hi'me' = coin
sol = day
trame'ltex = planet, inhabitable heavenly body
z-hu-un-gmetos = monster, evil thing

PREPOSITIONS
als = into
a'p = in, inside (of)
a's-hi'p = among (things/people); in with; surrounded by
ekto = from, out of
elp = above, over
est = out, outside
ete' = at, in the location of, upon
fi's = on (physically touching) (resting on top of)
hex = of (links nouns, superlative adj.)
imi = in the middle/center of
i'lm = to (towards, into; with intransitive verbs; movement).
i'lme' = up to (place, number...)
i's-h = with (links nouns, superlative adj., infinitive+noun)
i'lte' = towards, in the direction of
i'lts = next to, beside, by, near
omo = between, in between
ora = around
os = across (in crossing) ("across the bridge")
osek = across from, on the opposite side from ("across from my house")
sas = to (transitive; use with direct object)
um = under, below
u-uf = through, during, while
was = before, in front of
yet-h = behind, towards the back, in the back, after

ADJECTIVES
kon = good, fine
vi'x = on, activated, running, working, started/begun
ni'p = off, deactivated, free from activity/duty, finished
ko-il = hot
sip = cold
ko-iluts = warm
siputs = cool
ko-ilura = very hot, boiling, melted
sipura = very cold, freezing, frozen

ADVERBS
jiros = when
plos = why
teros = where
ekteros = from where (whence)
i'lteros = to where (whither)
pletos = for what (purpose)(slightly diff. From 'why')
rodos = how (by what means)
pik = up
de' = down
pel = left
lep = right
nutrema = here (nearer to speaker)
vatrema = there (nearer to listener)
letrema = over there (away from speaker and listener)
kitrema = there (out of sight)


IMPORTANT VERBS
i'x = to be
gi't = to go (I)
ta-us = to do (generic action)(T/I)
mak = to be going to; "will"; marks future tense (after verb); may be used independently
palt = to happen to be, "there is"
t-hras = to become, turn into, grow (age)

COMMON VERBS
a'nta-is = to say, to speak, to talk, to converse (I/T)
gi't = to go (I)
krit = to come (I)
kuta-is = to read (T/I)
mele'tos ta-u = to write (down), to use a pencil to write (T/I)
mele'ta-is = to write, to compose (T/I)
meto = to see, to view, to watch (T)
mi'mne' = to look (I)
pekta-is = to think, to contemplate (I)
s-hel = to give (I)
vast = to have (on one's person or nearby) (short term) (T)
veri'k = to hold, to carry (T)
veta-is = to have, to own, to possess (long term) (T)

pa-is = to be required to __ (have to, must) [to require]+verb+ITP
vema-is = to like to __ (would like to, want to) [to like, enjoy]+verb+ITP
veme'ta-is = to prefer to __ instead (rather) [to prefer]+verb+ITP
posta-us = to be able to __ (can) [to be able]+verb+ITP
mi'nta-us = should (ought to)(potential necessary)(should...if/but...)
mita-us = would (potential depending)(conditional)(would...if/but...)
pyuta-us = could (potential ability)(could...if/but...)
pa'nta-us = may/might (potential permitting)(I may/might...if/but...)
ayga-us = dare to (potential risk)
pega-us = need to (necessary; likely intention) [to need] (a bit diff. from require)

MISC
meltes = Hello! Greetings! What's up? (generic greeting)
velktes = Goodbye! See you later! (generic farewell)
melmexe'm = thus, and so, and (logical flow sent. introduction)
vex = no, not, don't (as Adj/Adv/Pronoun)
vexos = nothing
vekma = never
ef = and
fu = but
e'lf = then; and then
tol = the (def article)(only used in certain situations)
:uts = suffix meaning "a little"
:ura = suffix meaning "a lot" or "very"
ny-ask = Caution! Be careful! Beware! (interjection)
(Note: Here, preceding colon indicates a suffix)

COLORS
krus = red
kram = green
hyume' = brown
pe'nd = blue
rozal = yellow
a'kri'n = orange
varam = purple
kruza = pink, light red
za-il = white (also: light of day)
tels-h = black (also: ebony, darkness)
kra-iz = gold (also: gold plated, golden)
argos = silver (also: silver plated, silvern)
PostPosted: Sat Oct 21, 2006 2:42 pm


8~~~CULTURE AND BACKGROUND

This is actually where I thought up the basics for Anzer Pex.

Anzer Pex is, within it's own reality-copying fictional universe, the first language ever. It was spoken by the gods and written by the ancients long before any other language. However, it was not the first form of communication, as most of the gods (devils, ancient beings, all of those guys) could, among their peers and fellows of the same origins, share ideas and feelings by thought and physical expression. I'm not talking about mind reading, just a sort of unorganized empathy communication like animals use, but this was entirely inadequate for detailed communciation such as description, record keeping, and communicating with other forms of beings. Thus, Anzer Pex was formed as the "solution to expressable thought".

Anzer Pex means, in its own language, "language." Language is the solution to expressing thought. Just so you know, "anzer" means anything along the lines of "solution, answer, secret, something that should be known but might not be," etc. and "pex" means "thought, sentience, awareness, idea which sounds useful, hypothesis, something you want to say," etc. It depends on context how a word is translated into a simpler language such as English or Danga.

So, you can think of Anzer Pex as the ancient language spoken by all beings before any other language was formed (and inevitably derived from Anzer Pex). Danga could be considered the modern "common language" form of Anzer Pex.

Xeigrich
Vice Captain


Xeigrich
Vice Captain

PostPosted: Sat Oct 21, 2006 2:44 pm


9~~~SENTENCES AND TRANSLATIONS

From the beginning of this thread...

1.
AnzerPex: meltes! kalam a'nta-is ke mo-idu a'nze'rpex!
English: Welcome! Let's speak Anzer Pex!


Nothing fancy to see here; meltes is a generic greeting that can mean "welcome" or "hello." It can be used as a phone greeting, too, for us in modern reality. kalam turns the sentence into an exclamation, a'nta-is means "to speak" or "to converse," ke turns a'nta-is to Imperative (command), mo-idu is the subject and means "we" and when used with an Imperative verb it translates to "Let's ___." Of course, a'nze'rpex just means Anzer Pex, and in this case it is an implied direct object of the verb a'nta-is (this is allowed in very simple or colloquial sentences).

2.
AnzerPex: fesi'k ke va-u va-ute'm c-hepso e'lf est s-hel ke va-u!
English: Drop your weapons and surrender!


fesi'k means to release or drop and ke is the tense particle indicating Imperative mood (a command). You generally include va-u, the second person pronoun, when giving a direct command. va-ute'm is the second person possessive pronoun ("your") and c-hepso means weapon or any type of tool intended for harming or disabling a target. e'lf means "then" or "and then" and functions as a co-ordinating conjunction indicating a subsequent event (this happens then that happens). est is a preposition meaning "out" or "outside," but can be used before s-hel ("to give") to change the meaning to "to give out" or more idiomatically "to surrender" or "to give in/up." Last are another ke, this time making est s-hel a command, and va-u. This sentence literally means, "Release you your weapon(s) then give out!"
PostPosted: Sat Oct 21, 2006 2:48 pm


10~~~OTHER NOTES/MISC/TO DO


~To Do~
Oh, man, there's still so much to do. I need to work some on morphology and how to alter words into other forms. I also need to generate a ton of vocabulary and polish the grammar.

Also, I'm always open to suggestions, even if you think they aren't worth mentioning. Let me know what you think!

Xeigrich
Vice Captain


Eccentric Iconoclast
Captain

PostPosted: Sat Oct 21, 2006 4:21 pm


What do you know, it looks interesting. =O

The morphology - making any word into a word of a different class - reminds me of Aquénandi. xD
PostPosted: Tue Oct 24, 2006 11:44 pm


Eccentric Iconoclast
What do you know, it looks interesting. =O

The morphology - making any word into a word of a different class - reminds me of Aquénandi. xD


Snarf >_<

Every cool thing I think of, someone's beat me to it. :b The main reason I put in that morphology bit is because I like how English can be mutilated into almost any form and still be mostly understood if you know it well enough. It should be more interesting when I get the word order and particle system worked out.

BTW, I like your script for Aquenandi (no accents, sorry). It really looks like it's really writing, and not just something out of someone's head. Vaguely reminds me of Arabic.

Xeigrich
Vice Captain


Eccentric Iconoclast
Captain

PostPosted: Wed Oct 25, 2006 2:33 am


Xeigrich
Eccentric Iconoclast
What do you know, it looks interesting. =O

The morphology - making any word into a word of a different class - reminds me of Aquénandi. xD


Snarf >_<

Every cool thing I think of, someone's beat me to it. :b The main reason I put in that morphology bit is because I like how English can be mutilated into almost any form and still be mostly understood if you know it well enough. It should be more interesting when I get the word order and particle system worked out.

BTW, I like your script for Aquenandi (no accents, sorry). It really looks like it's really writing, and not just something out of someone's head. Vaguely reminds me of Arabic.

Of course someone's beaten you to it. I'm sure people have had the idea long before me. It's how you combine the spiffy ideas that makes it original. 3nodding

Thanks! xD
I really need to get my scanner working so I can show you a handwritten paragraph. sweatdrop
It looks better handwritten, I'm afraid.
PostPosted: Wed Oct 25, 2006 3:33 am


Eccentric Iconoclast
Xeigrich
Eccentric Iconoclast
What do you know, it looks interesting. =O

The morphology - making any word into a word of a different class - reminds me of Aquénandi. xD


Snarf >_<

Every cool thing I think of, someone's beat me to it. :b The main reason I put in that morphology bit is because I like how English can be mutilated into almost any form and still be mostly understood if you know it well enough. It should be more interesting when I get the word order and particle system worked out.

BTW, I like your script for Aquenandi (no accents, sorry). It really looks like it's really writing, and not just something out of someone's head. Vaguely reminds me of Arabic.

Of course someone's beaten you to it. I'm sure people have had the idea long before me. It's how you combine the spiffy ideas that makes it original. 3nodding

Thanks! xD
I really need to get my scanner working so I can show you a handwritten paragraph. sweatdrop
It looks better handwritten, I'm afraid.


Yeah, I'm planning to make Anzer Pex a medley of all my favorite practical language conventions, with a bunch of extra stuff thrown in to make it a little irregular but still learnable. I want it to look and sound fairly unique, but at the same time, somewhat familiar.

Looks better handwritten, you say? Hmm. Most of my writing systems look better when I turn them into fonts. For some reason, only the original glyphs/letters turn out nice, but when actually put to use in handwriting, they get all mucky...

Xeigrich
Vice Captain


Xeigrich
Vice Captain

PostPosted: Sun Dec 31, 2006 12:02 am


Update, I guess?

I've now got Anzer Pex listed at Conlang Wiki (at this page). Anyone else is free to add in their conlang. This is not my project or Wiki... I just found it and contributed to it. Figured my guildmates might find something helpful there, too.

What does this mean for Anzer Pex, though? It means I'm trying to make some progress. I'm turning over several ideas and concepts right now while I've got time before spring semester kicks in (and German class takes over my language brain parts).

I'm also planning to waste some time setting up an Anzer Pex website on Tripod (or something better if anyone has suggestions. Just NOT AngelFire or Geocities if those are even still around). With Tripod I'd have much more freedom to lay things out how I want them than with a simple Gaia thread; don't worry, though, I'll still update this thread no matter what!
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