You begin with stage one mastered. This allows you to enter stage one and two, though you can only use a beginning form of stage two, and it is harder to control.
Starting amount of posts required to master stage two: 15
Depending on the number of tails you have, that will increase.
So, starting off:
Ichibi = 16
Nibi = 17
Sanbi = 18
Yonbi = 19
So on, and so forth.
For stage three, it is twenty. The system is the same. Depending on the number of tails, mastery posts will increase.
Ichibi = 21 Total : 37
Nibi = 22 Total: 39
Sanbi = 23 Total: 41
Yonbi = 24 Total: 43
And finally, the final stage, it is forty posts to master. Same system.
Ichibi = 41 Total : 78
Nibi = 27 Total: 81
Sanbi = 28 Total: 84
Yonbi = 29 Total: 87
Etc.
However, you can only get to the amount of posts, dependent of your chakra points.
The equation is posts x 5 = Required chakra amount.
So, if you need 102 posts for say, the Kyuubi, you will need 525 points.
So if you only have 250 chakra points, you could obviously not master your demon completely.
However, as they add thirty at Gennin, a Gennin could indeed master the THIRD STAGE of their demon.
However, as it is impossible to get to 390+ points at Gennin, no Gennins will have the mastery stage.
And some will even have to wait for Jounin for their mastery stage, unless they apply for extra chakra points.
Also, you cannot enter your mastery stage if you have three mastered, unlike most other stages.