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Let me make this clear, this is a partial theory but mostly the exact reason. Madara can travel space and time, as depicted in 467 and when squad seven fought Madara. Since we know Madara can travel through space and time it is correct to assume that this is the reason why he ages so slowly, now let me explain.

There is no exact measurement for time, we assume a minute in one place is the same as another place but this is not true. In space, time moves slower, this has been proven through science. Now, the faster you move the slower time moves, and vice versa, though normally you wouldn't really notice this because the speed in which you need to travel is at least the speed of light or half of that. So using the previous statement as an example, someone going half the speed of light an hour to them may well be days, months, years to us on earth.

So here's the theory/nearly the exact reason why (this is putting aside the chance for an "aging" jutsu but I highly doubt there would be one). If madara can travel through space and time then he would be undoubtedly fast. Moving at that speed would slow down his aging and him doing it so often may contribute to that even more.

Now, Madara states that his chakra "Potency" contributes to his age, let me clear this up and show how this all fits into what i'm trying to explain. Now, after watching Kakashi's fight with Deidara near the middle and at the end. Kakashi used a jutsu that used space and time to do the damage. As we all saw that took an enormous amount of chakra for him to do, much less keep his sharingan going. Also as we all saw at the beginning of the anime when Sandaime fought Orochimaru due to his age his chakra capacity was beginning to thin out. So the older he got the harder it was for him to use as much jutsu's as he may have been able to say, in his prime.

So how does this do anything to explain why madara states that his chakra potency contributes to his age. In order to use his jutsu to travel through space and time must be enormous, so in order to use such a jutsu constantly without needing much rest. His chakra must be incredibly "Potent", powerful, and there must be a large amount of it.

So, comments?

my head hurts. but i understand.

._.

he's saying that tobi moves fast, when u move fast things around u move slower. Which makes tobi age slower. because time is moving slower. And apparently tobi has a stockload of chakra that helps him age slower and use that space time jutsu.

Ah, I get it.

well there's a flaw in that logic. Even if he were moving at high speeds, shino's bugs would have followed his chakra, which means he does actually teleport. otherwise they would have followed him to the new location.