And power-hungry Slytherin loved those of great ambition...|>

---|Bones of the Shoulder, Arm and Forearm

Clavicle:
- Sternal end attaches to the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint; provides attachment to axial skeleton
- Acromial end attaches to acromion of scapula at acromioclavicular joint
- Features:
○ Subclavian groove - attachment for subclavius muscle
○ Small, oval fossa - attachment for sternocostal ligament
- Trapezius attaches to superior surface

Scapula:
- Acromion attaches to clavicle at AC joint
- Head of the scapula - main feature is the glenoid cavity, site of articulation with head of humerus
- Superior to glenoid cavity is the coracoid process (from the Greek korakodes, like a crow's beak), which provides attachment for the short head of biceps brachii
- Three borders:
○ Medial/vertebral border (thin, runs parallel to and a few centimetres from the spine)
○ Superior border
○ Lateral/axillary border (runs superolaterally in the direction of the apex of the axilla, features a thicker ridge of bone in order to prevent buckling)
- Three angles:
○ Lateral
○ Inferior
○ Superior
- Spine of the scapula divides posterior surface into small supraspinous and large infraspinous fossae
- Costal (anterior, from Latin costa, ribs) surface is also the subscapular fossa (large, concave)
- Fossae provide attachment for fleshy muscles

Humerus:
- Features:
○ Head - articulates with scapula at glenohumeral joint
○ Anatomical neck - separates head from greater and lesser tubercles
○ Greater tubercle
○ Lesser tubercle
○ Intertubercular groove
○ Surgical neck - thin section distal to the tubercles; common site of fractures
○ Deltoid tuberosity (anterolateral) - attachment for deltoid muscle
○ Radial groove (posteromedial) - groove for radial nerve
○ Shaft - long segment
○ Lateral and medial supraepicondylar ridges
○ Lateral epicondyle - attachment for extensors of the forearm
○ Medial epicondyle - attachment for flexors of the forearm
○ Condyle - consists of capitulum and trochlea, which articulate with radius and ulna respectively
○ Olecranon fossa - houses olecranon of ulna when the arm is fully extended
○ Coronoid fossa - houses coronoid process of ulna when arm is fully flexed

Ulna:
- One of two bones of the forearm
- Articulates with humerus at the trochlear notch (made up of olecranon and coronoid process)
- Articulates with the radius both proximally and distally (radial notch at proximal end receives proximal head of the radius)
- Gradually decreases in width, culminating in the head of the ulna, which articulates with the radius at the ulnar notch
- Head also features the ulnar styloid process (small, conical protrusion)
- Inferior to radial notch on lateral surface is the supinator crest (prominent ridge)
- Between supinator crest and distal part of coronoid process likes the supinator fossa; supinator crest and fossa provide attachment for deep part of supinator muscle

Radius:
- Second of two bones of the forearm
- Smooth, discoid head articulates with capitulum of humerus
- Peripherally, head articulates with radial notch of ulna
- Neck of the radius - small constriction distal to the head
- Radial tuberosity - distal to medial part of neck
- Shaft of the radius enlarges distally
- Medial aspect forms ulnar notch, which accommodates head of the ulna
- Lateral aspect becomes increasingly ridge-like, terminates in the radial styloid process (larger than ulnar styloid process)
- Dorsal tubercle of the radius lies between otherwise shallow grooves for the passage of tendons of forearm muscles

Since I'm here, I might as well use Gaia to help me study. So, discuss: ...studying, anatomy, any mistakes in my notes (I haven't re-read them since I wrote them this morning).|---

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