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 Posted: Sat Feb 10, 2007 6:38 pm
particles "ka", "yo" and "ne"
particle "no"Using と (to) "and"
The particle と (to) can be used to connect nouns with the meaning of "and". Please remember that you can only use this to connect nouns, not adjectives or verbs, etc. It is used very similar to English "and".
アリスさんとリーさんは四年生です。
アリスさんとリーさんは よねんせいです。
ARISU-san to RII-san wa yonensei desu. = Alice and Lee are seniors.
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Posted: Sat Feb 10, 2007 6:39 pm
Using と (to) "together with"
In this case, you can use と (to) to explain who you are doing something with.
私はルームメートと買い物に行きます。
わたしは ルームメートと かいものに いきます。
Watashi wa RUUMUMEETO to kaimono ni ikimasu. = I will go shopping with my roommate.
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Posted: Sat Feb 10, 2007 6:40 pm
Using と "this is called..."
X を/は Y と言う (X o/wo Y to iu) "call X Y"
言う / 言います (iu / iimasu) means "to say"
When you add the particle と in front of 言う, it is reporting something, and oftentimes indicates that what preceeds it is a quotation of some sort.
これを/は何と言いますか。
かぎかっこと言います。
これ を/は なんといいますか。
かぎかっこといいます。
Kore o/wa nan to iimasu ka. = What are these called?
Kagikakko to iimasu. = We call these (these are called) kagikakko.
Use と呼ぶ (to yobu) when you are talking about a name you have given, such as a pet's name.
You can ask how to pronounce a kanji using と読む (to yomu).
この漢字は何と読みますか。
かんこくと読みます。
この かんじはなんと よみますか。
かんこくとよみます。
Kono kanji wa nan to yomimasu ka. = How do you read these kanji?
Kankoku to yomimasu. = They are read kankoku.
In colloquial speech, the particle と is often replaced by って. In a question, 何て is pronounced なんて (nante).
アリスはこの猫をミッキーって呼んでるのよ。
アリスは この ねこを ミッキーってよんでるのよ。
ARISU wa kono neko o MIKKII tte yonderu no yo. = Alice calls this cat Mickey.
X という Y (X to iu Y) "a Y called X"
The "Y" here is a general category such as a person, place, etc, and the "X" is a specific instance of "Y". という like this is usually written in hiragana instead of kanji.
東京大学という大学
とうきょうだいがく という だいがく
Toukyou daigaku to iu daigaku = A university called The University of Tokyo
ミラジュという ホテル
MIRAJU to iu HOTERU = A hotel called Mirage
ばらという花
ばらというはな
bara to iu hana = The species of flower called rose
Indirect quotes using と
と言う (という [to iu]) = says
と聞く (ときく[to kiku]) = asks
と答える (とこたえる [to kotaeru]) = answers
This is used to report what someone said indirectly, as in, not an exact word for word quote. The plain form of verbs, nouns, adjectives are always used before the と in this case.
アリスさんは黒田さんはいつ出かけるかと聞きました。
アリスさんはくろださんはいつ でかけるか とききました。
ARISU-san wa Kuroda-san wa itsu dekakeru ka to kikimashita. = Alice asked when Kuroda-san would go out.
スミスは明日出かけると答えました。
スミスはあした でかでる とこたえました。
SUMISU-san wa ashita dekakeru to kotaemashita. = Smith-san answered that he would go tomorrow.
While 言いました (iimashita) reports the fact that something was said, 言っていました (itte imashita) tends to emphasize the content of what was said.
言います (iimasu) is used to quote words that are supposedly common knowledge (it is said; they say), or to indicate future action.
The tenses of the quote clause and the main clause do not have to agree.
When と (to) is replaced by って (tte) in colloquial speech, 言う (iu) can be deleted if the subject of it is not used.
パスポートは来週の月曜日までにとれるって。
パスポートはらいしゅうの げつようびまでに とれるって。
PASUPOOTO wa raishuu no getsuyoubi made ni toreru tte. = I heard I can get my passport by next Monday. (Lit. Someone said I can get my passport by next Monday.)
Final particles, except か (ka) are omitted from indirect quotes.
Direct quotes using と言う (to iu).
A direct quote is a word by word quote of what someone has said. This uses quotation marks. All punctuation and particles are kept true to what was said.
スミスさんは「すみません。」と言いました。
SUMISU-san wa "sumimasen." to iimashita. = Smith-san said, "I'm sorry."
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Posted: Sat Feb 10, 2007 6:40 pm
Using も (mo) "Also"
も in this case means "also" or "too". It replaces the particles は, を or が.
田中さんは大学生です。
たなかさんは だいがくせいです。
Tanaka-san wa daigakusei desu. = Tanaka-san is a college student.
石田さんも大学生です。
いしださんも だいがくせいです。
Ishida-san mo daigakusei desu. = Ishida-san is also a college student. (or Ishida-san is a college student, too.)
私は日本から来ました。 そして、田中さんも日本から来ました。
わたしは にほんから きました。 そして、たなかさんもにほんからきました。
Watashi wa nihon kara kimashita. Soshite, Tanaka-san mo nihon kara kimashita. = I'm from Japan. And Tanaka-san is from Japan, too.
You can also double up particles with も.
この大学には立派な図書館があります。
この だいがくには りっぱな としょかんが あります。
Kono daigaku ni wa rippa na toshokan ga arimasu. = This university has a fine library.
東京大学にもあります。
とうきょうだいがくにもあります。
Toukyou daigaku ni mo arimasu. = Tokyo University also has a fine one.
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Posted: Sat Feb 10, 2007 6:41 pm
Using も (mo) to express a lack of preference.
This can be used in a positive or negative statement.
東京も京都も好きです。
とうきょうも きょうとも すきです。
Toukyou mo Kyouto mo suki desu. = I like both Tokyo and Kyoto.
東京も京都も好きじゃありません。
とうきょうも きょうとも すきじゃありません。
Toukyou mo Kyouto mo suki ja arimasen. = I don't like either Tokyo or Kyoto.
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Posted: Sat Feb 10, 2007 6:42 pm
Question word + も / でも (mo/demo)
Add も (mo) to these question words and use them with a negative sentence.
何も (nanimo) = nothing; not at all
誰も (daremo) = no one
いつも (itsumo) = never (itsumo used with a positive sentence means "always")
どこも (nowhere)
誰も来ません
だれも きません。
Daremo kimasen. = No one came.
Add でも (demo) to the question words and use them with a positive sentence.
何でも (nandemo) = anything; whatever
誰でも (daredemo) = anybody; whoever
いつでも (itsudemo) = anytime
どこでも (dokodemo) = anywhere
木村さんは何でも食べられます。
きむらさんは なんでも たべられます。
Kimura-san wa nandemo taberaremasu. = Kimura-san can eat anything.
The particles が and を are not used with these words, but other particles are inserted after the question word.
昨日はだれにも会うませんでした。
きのう だれにも あいませんでした。
Kinou darenimo aimasen deshita. = I didn't meet anybody yesterday.
犬はどこにもいません。
いぬはどこにもいません。
Inu wa dokonimo imasen. = The dog isn't anywhere.
山田さんはだれとでも友達になります。
やまださんはだれとでもともだちになります。
Yamada-san wa daretodemo tomodachi ni narimasu. = Yamada-san can be friends with anybody.
仕事はいつからでも始められます。
しごとはいつからでもはじめられます。
Shigoto wa itsukarademo hajimeraremasu. = I can start the work anytime.
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Posted: Sat Feb 10, 2007 6:43 pm
Expressing zero quantity or frequency using も (mo)
With this you take a counter using one like "ichido" (one time), "hitotsu" (one discreet object) etc and then stick "mo" after it, then use it with a negative verb to get the meaning of "not even one/once".
山田さんは一度も親に叱られたことがありません。
Yamada-san wa ichido mo oya ni shikarareta koto ga arimasen.
Yamada-san has never been scolded by his parents. (lit: Yamada-san has not been scolded by his parents even once.)
Emphasizing a large quantity or high frequency using も (mo)
This is used very similarly to the above, except you can use any counter number + mo + positive verb. This will convey the meaning of an excessive amount.
子供の 時四回も引っ越した。
Kodomo no toki yonkai mo hikkoshita.
We moved FOUR TIMES when I was a kid.
This sentence indicates that the speaker believes four times is a lot of times to move as a child. It is putting emphasis on that fact.
Another way of putting this emphasis is using "nan". When you subsititute the number with "nan" it expresses "many times" or "countless times". Like, "so many times I lost count". Like above, it must end with a positive verb.
山田さんは昨日何回も電話をかけてきた。
Yamada-san wa kinou nankai mo denwa o kaketekita.
Yamada-san called MANY TIMES yesterday.
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Posted: Wed May 30, 2007 12:11 pm
The last section of "mo" has been added in above post.
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Posted: Wed May 30, 2007 6:44 pm
I've been forgetting about mine...but I need to leave Gaia for a little bit! gonk Thank you for this though.
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Posted: Wed May 30, 2007 11:08 pm
Hermonie Urameshi I've been forgetting about mine...but I need to leave Gaia for a little bit! gonk Thank you for this though.
Don't worry. I'm glad to be able to help out. And besides, I'm done with Japanese at my college so I need to keep up with it somehow so I don't forget it all. D:
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Posted: Sun Jun 03, 2007 1:51 am
wow, complicated... *rereads*
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