|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
 Posted: Wed Nov 15, 2006 4:49 am
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Thu Nov 16, 2006 1:43 am
I. AlphabetThe Tagalog script is called Baybayin, but it is now commonly known as the Alibata (a term coined by Dean Paul Versoza of the University of Manila by getting alif, ba, and ta, the first three letters of the Maguindanao arrangement of the Arabic letters). This script is a syllabary, which means every symbol represents a syllable. The Baybayin can only represent a vowel (V) and consonant-vowel (C-V) syllable. However, there are Tagalog words which have a consonant-vowel-consonant (C-V-C) syllable and these are written by excluding the last consonant. (In 1620, Fr. Francisco Lopez suggested to improve the Baybayin by adding a kudlit, which looks like cross "+" in order to have phenomes of the missing last letter in the C-V-C syllable.) To put it simply, V, C-V and C-V-C are the only syllable combinations in Tagalog and the Baybayin shows the V and C-V combinations only. The basic rule in writing Tagalog words is that it is written according to how it is heard/spoken because there is basically only one way to pronounce a letter or syllable. For the syllables with r, the d or l syllables are used. (Note: Whenever d is in between two vowels, it becomes an r. Ex. When the word dating is transformed to future tense, we say darating instead of dadating.)  Traditionally, there is no distinction made in between e/i or o/u. However, the interaction with the foreigners made it clear that there must be a separation between e/i or o/u because the meaning could change if the other vowel is used. (An example of this is the Spanish word misa (mass) that might be mistaken with mesa (table).) In the modern times, most Filipinos simply use the Latin alphabet with the addition of letters ng and ñ (a Spanish letter). Here are some internet resources for Baybayin: Ating Baybayin: Our Filipino ScriptTagalogFilipino History: Baybayin
|
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Fri Nov 17, 2006 2:40 am
II. PronounciationA. Consonants  Point of Articulation 1. Labial (Panlabi) - /p, b, m/ - 2. Dental (Pangngipin)- /t, d, n/ - 3. Alveolum (Panggilagid)- /s, l/ - 4. Palatal (Pangngalangala)- /y/- 5. Velar (Pangngalangala)- /k, g, ng, w/ - 6. Glottal- /i, h/ Method of Articulation 1. Plosives/Stops (Pasara) - /p, t, k, `, b, d, g/- Air passage is closed. 2. Nasal (Pailong)- /m, n, ng/ - Air is blocked in the mouth to let it out the nose. 3. Frictives (Pasutsot)- /s, h/ - Air passes through tight opening in between the tongue and palate. 4. Lateral Frictives (Pagilid)- /l/ - Air passes through the sides of the tongue. 5. Approximants (Malapatinig)- /w, y/- B. VowelsThe table below shows the tongue position (1st column) and the part of the tongue that moves:  C. DipthongsThe table below shows the tongue position (1st column) and the part of the tongue that moves:  D. SummaryConsonants _____________Vowels _________________Dipthongs b- b - baby _____________ a- ä - father _____________ ay- say k- k kid ________________ e- e - egg _______________ oy- boy d- d -did ________________i- ē - each ______________ uy- g- g go ________________ o- o - long _______________aw- h- h - hat _______________u- ü - food _______________iw- l- l - lowiw- m- m - me n- n - no ng- ŋ -ink p- p - port s- s - say t- t - tea w- w - way y- y - yard For more information and sample sounds: Introduction to Tagalog SoundsE. Stress/Accentuation1. Malumay- Most Tagalog words are malumay. This is pronounced slowly or gently and with stress on the second from the last syllable. Such words may end in either vowel or consonant. Examples: bahay, malumay, kubo, apat 2. Malumi- The pronounciation is similar to malumi, but the difference is the curbed sound at the end of the word.... The grave accent, tuldik na paiwa (`), is used to introduced a word with malumi pronounciation. Examples: 3. Mabilis- The word is pronounced continuously with stress on the last syllable. This does not have a curbed sound and may end on either a vowel or consonant. The acute accent, tuldik na pahilis (´), is placed on the last vowel of the word. Examples: 4. Maragsa- This is similar to the pronounciation of mabilis, but this has a curbed sound in the end. Similar to malumi, this ends in a glottal consonant although only vowel are seen at the end. The circumflex, tuldik na pakupya (^), is used at the end of the last vowel of the word. Examples:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Sat Nov 18, 2006 3:57 am
III. Common Expressions
Greetings:
Good day- Magandang araw
Good morning- Magandang umaga
Good afternoon- Magandang hapon
Good evening- Magandang gabi
(Note: Maganda means beautiful)
Conversations:
What is your name?- Ano ang pangalan mo?
I am _____- Ako si _____
I'm pleased to meet you- Ikinagagalak kong makilala ka
How do you do?- Kumusta na?
I'm fine- Mabuti
Thank you- Salamat
Thank you very much- Maraming salamat
You're welcome- Walang anuman (Literally: It's nothing)
Goodbye- Paalam
See you again- Kita ka muli
Take care- Ingat
Polite:
Bless you- Pagpalain ka
Sorry- Patawad
Excuse me-
1. Mawalang galang na po is aking permission to speak (mawalang galang literally means "may i lose respect");
2. Paumanhin is for excusing oneslef ex. I'm sorry but I got to go:
3. Makiraan is used when passing in between two people talking to each other.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Mon Nov 20, 2006 4:24 am
IV. Articles and NounsA. ArticlesThe main articles in Tagalog differentiates the personal nouns from non-personal nouns. The articles for personal nouns usually precedes a proper noun and most common nouns use the articles for non-personal nouns. However, there are some common personal nouns like tatay, ina, kuya, ate and the like, which uses the articles for personal nouns.  There are three types of case markers for Tagalog: absolutive (nominative), ergative (genitive) and oblique. 1. The absolutive or "ang" case marker is basically for the subject of the sentence. This is used for: - the subject of a sentence (John is kind- Mabait si John) - the doer of an actor-focus/intransitive verb (Mark lied- Nagsinungaling si Mark) - the receiver of an object-focus verb (The flowers were offered yesterday- Inalay ang bulaklak kahapon) 2. The ergative or "ng" case marker is used for: - expressing ownership (Mom's papers...- Ang papeles ni nanay...) - the receiver/direct object of an actor-focus/transitive verb (He drank water- Uminom ng tubig) - the doer of an action in an object-focus/transitive verb (The can was crushed by Jerry- Nawasak ni Jerry ang lata) Note: The "ng" or ergative case is never used for the first word in a sentence. This will be made clear in the sentence structure portion. 3. The oblique or "sa" case markers is basically for the object of the preposiniton. This is used for: - indicating a place (They went to Manila- Pumunta sila sa Manila) - indirect object (He gave the pencil to Mary- Binigay niya kay Mary ang lapis) B. Plural NounsThere are four basic ways to make a noun plural, but only one should be used in a sentence because using more than one is redundant. Using more than one indicator is similar to saying datas, but data in itself is already plural. Here are the ways to make nouns plural: 1. The use of markers =a clock- ang orasan; the clocks- ang mga orasan 2. The use of number adjectives or descriptive adjective =one doctor- isang mangagamot; thousands of doctors- libu-libong mangagamot =fragrant flower- mabangong bulaklak; fragrant flowers- mababangong bulaklak *Note: The descriptive adjective is made plural by repeating the first syllable of root word of the adjective. In this example, bango is the rootword. More explanation will be under the adjectives post. 3. Group of many =flock of birds- langkay ng ibon 4. Repetition of noun (for non-personal nouns) =bottle- bote; bottles- bote-bote Note: This technique is only used for nouns that are containers (sacks- saku-sako). 5. The use of prefixes (for personal nouns) =father- ama; father and son- mag-ama, father and sons- mag-aama =neighbor- kapitbahay; two neighbors- magkapitbahay; neighbors (more than two)- magkakapitbahay *Note: The general rule for this is that the dual personal nouns have the form mag+personal noun; plural personal nouns have the form mag+first syllable+personal noun. If the first syllable is a vowel, put a dash in between mag and the word (mag-ama). Otherwise, do not put a dash (magkapitbahay).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Mon Nov 20, 2006 9:26 pm
V. Nouns Vocabulary
Persons- Mga Tao:
Relatives/Kin- Kamag-anak
Male- Lalake
Female- Babae
Grandfather- Lolo (or Ingkong)
Grandmother- Lola (or Impo)
Grandchild- Apo
Father-in-law- Bayaw
Mother-in-law- Bilas
Parent- Magulang
Father- Ama (or Tatay)
Mother- Ina (or Nanay)
Spouse- Asawa
Child- Anak
Sibling- Kapatid
Eldest child- Panganay
Brother- Kuya (Oldest brother); Diko (Second oldest brother); Sangko (Third oldest brother)
Sister- Ate (Oldest sister); Ditse (Second oldest sister); Sanse (Third oldest sister)
Youngest child- Bunso
Uncle- Tito
Aunt- Tita
Nephew/Niece- Pamangkin
Cousin- Pinsan
Godfather- Ninong
Godmother- Ninang
*Note: The personal pronouns can generally be transformed into plural by using prefixes, but there are some exceptions like tatay, nanay, magulang, panganay, bunso and the Tagalog words that indicates the birth order for sister and brother (derived from Chinese words).
Animals:
Dog - Aso: Cat - Pusa
Horse - Kabayo
Snake - Ahas
Rabbit - Kuneho
Bird - Ibon: Eagle - Agila: Pigeon - Kalapati: Vulture - Buwitre
Bat - Paniki
Deer - Usa
Pig - Baboy
Carabao - Kalabaw: Cow - Baka
Bear - Oso
Ant - Langgam; Spider - Gagamba: Mosquito - Lamok
Lizard - Butiki: Frog - Palaka
Fish - Isda
Crab - Alimango; Shrimp - Hipon
Monkey - Unggoy (or Matsing)
Rat - Daga
Scorpion - Alakdan: Centipede - Alupihan: Cricket - Kuliglig
Snail - Kuhol
Turtle - Pagong: Tortoise - Pawikan
Worm - Bulate
Elements:
Fire- Apoy
Earth- Lupa
Water- Tubig
Air- Hangin
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Thu Nov 23, 2006 2:08 am
VI. PronounsA. Personal Pronouns (Panghalip na Panao)Pronouns are categorized by case and the number of person/s the pronoun represents.  Persons: 1. First Person- The speaker. 2. Second Person- The addressee or the one that the speaker is conveying the message 3. Third Person- Another person who is neither the speaker or addressee Cases are simply used similar to the explanation in the use of articles. If the pronoun is possesive and used as the first word of the sentence or right after a coordinating/subordinating conjunction, the oblique pronoun is used (The watch is mine- Akin ang relo) because ergative pronouns are inappropriate as the first word of a sentence. Otherwise, the ergative pronoun is used (This is my life- Buhay ko ito). Notes: The dual first person are pronouns for the two: speaker and addressee. The inclusive first person plural indicates that the speaker and the addressee are both included (we, us, our). On the other hand, The exclusive first person plural excludes the addressee. (This means my group including me, but without you.) Ikaw is used only as the first word of the the sentence or right after the subordinating/coordinating conjunction. Ka is used anywhere in the sentence whenever ikaw in inapplicable. B. Demonstrative Pronouns (Panghalip na Pamatlig)Demonstrative pronouns are practically used for things and categorized by case and its distance from the speaker/addressee.  The first row for demonstrative pronouns are now rarely used. The second row (speaker and addressee) is currently used as pronouns near the speaker. There is four main classifications for demonstrative pronouns: 1. Pronomial- This simply replaces the name of a person or object. This could be absolutive, ergative or oblique. =This is a cat- Pusa ito 2. Location (Palunan)- Shows the location =The paper is there on the table- Naroon sa mesa ang papel 3. Existential (Pahimaton)- Gives the location of the object being identified =Here's my new pen- Heto ang bago kong panulat 4. Similar (Patulad)- Used for comparison of manner/way. Ganire (from gaya+ire, literally means 'like this'), ganito, ganyan, ganoon =Sweep the floor like this - Ganito ang pagwawalis ng sahig. Note: Interrogative pronouns will be discussed in the questions part.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Thu Nov 23, 2006 4:31 pm
VII. Adjectives (Pang-uri)
A. Uses of Adjectives
1. Predicate of adjectival sentence
=The movie is good.- Maganda ang pelikula.; The teacher is smart.- Matalino ang guro.
2. Noun modifier
= beautiful lady- magandang dalaga; good/nice kid- mabait na bata
Note: The adjective is either right before or after the noun it modifies. Ligatures (pang-angkop) are added when using noun modifiers. This is done by adding -ng to the end vowel of the noun/adjective depending on which comes first. If the preceding noun/adjective ends in a consonant, the syllable 'na' is added in between the noun and adjective.
B. Number of Adjectives (Kailanan ng Pang-uri)
C. Neutral/Comparative/Superlative (Kaantasan ng Pang-uri)
1. Neutral (Lantay)- Describes a single person.
=Our land is rich- Mayaman ang ating lupain
2. Comparative (Pahambing)- Compares two things.
___a. Equal (Patulad)- Compares two equal traits. This uses the preffix sing-, kasing-, magsing-, magkasing- and other similar forms of the preffix. This may also use ga-, and the words pareho, kapwa, and the other similar words.
=Your cloth is as wide as my cloth- Magsinlapad ang tela mo at tela ko.
___b. Unequal (Pasahol o Palamang)- Indicates that the one is greater than the other. This uses the words mas, higit, kaysa, di gaya, di tulad and other similar words.
=This is easier than that- Mas madali ito kaysa riyan.
3. Superlative- Shows the greatest comparison of more than two things. This uses the prefix pinaka- or napaka-. The preffix pagka+repetition of rootword+rootword. The words nuno ng, hari ng (king of), saksakan ng (full of), ulo ng (head of), reyna ng (queen of) and other words expressing extremity can be used.
=This is the most expensive gathering- Pinakamagastos ang salu-salong ito.
=Katrina is very beautiful.- Pagkaganda-ganda ni Katrina.
=Fred's father is very/super rich. Ulo ng yaman ang ama ni Fred
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Sat Nov 25, 2006 3:21 am
VIII. Adjectives Vocabulary
Colors:
Red- Pula
Orange- Kahel
Yellow- Dilaw
Green- Luntian (or Berde)
Blue- Bughaw (or Asul)
Violet- Lila
Pink- Rosas
White- Puti
Gold- Ginto
Brown- Kayumanggi
Gray- Abo
Black- Itim
Opposites:
Good- Mabait; Evil- Masama
Hot- Mainit; Cold- Malamig
Big- Malaki; Small- Maliit
Long- Mahaba; Short- Maiksi
Rough- Magaspang; Soft- Makinis
Tall- Matangkad; Short- Maliit
Fast- Mabilis; Slow- Mabagal
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Sun Nov 26, 2006 12:03 am
IX. NumbersA. Cardinal (Patakaran) For numbers 11-19, simply write labing+number (18- labingwalo). For numbers greater than 19-99, simply write either number+mpu if the number ends in a vowel or number+napu if it ends in a consonant (20- dalawampu; 45- apatnapu at lima). For numbers greater than 99, simply write the number and then its digit name. If there are more than two numbers, write "at" before the last number (24,304- dalawang laksa, apat na angaw, tatlong daan at apat). The words yuta, laksa and angaw are now rarely used. Milyon is now used for the millions digit ang the numbers are read similar to English in which numbers are grouped into three digits (5,532,035- five million, five hundred and thirty-two thousand, and thirty five- limang milyon, limang daan at tatlumpu't dalawang libo, at tatlumpu at lima). The same rule for ligatures (-ng and na) as explained in the adjectives applies to numbers. B. Ordinal (Panunuran)Except for first, which is "una" in Tagalog, the cardinal numbers could be transformed into ordinal in two ways: 1. By adding ika- to the number. (fourth- ika-apat; eighteenth- ikawalo; second- ikalawa) Note: This could also be written as ika-number (12th- ika-12). 2. By adding pang- to the number. (second- pangalawa; fifth- panlima) C. Distributive (Pamahagi)1. Fraction If it is in fraction form, simply write the numerator + ligature +ka+denominator. (2/3- dalwang katlo; 5/4- limang kapat) Note: One-half is kalahati. For fractions with one as the numerator simply add ka- to the number of the denominator or write ika- + number of denominator + -ng/na bahagi. (1/8- kawalo or ikawalong bahagi) 2. Per/Each Use tig- + number (2 pesos each- tig-dalawang piso) If more than two, tig- + first syllable of the number + number (tig-dadalawa) 3. Group- This indicates the grouping of any number. The number of objects in a group can be described in two ways: a. Repeating either the first syllable or the whole number (Group of 3- tatatlo or tatlu-tatlo) b. Adding -an/-han as suffix (Group of six- animan) Note:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Mon Nov 27, 2006 10:22 pm
X. Date and Time
A. Date
1. Year (Taon)
The year is read similar to English (1987- labingsiyam walumpu't pito; 2005- dalawang libo at lima)
2. Month (Buwan)
January- Enero_________________ July- Hulyo
February- Pebrero_______________August- Agosto
March- Marso___________________September- Setyembre
April- Abril_____________________ October- Oktubre
May- Mayo_____________________November- Nobyembre
June- Hunyo___________________ December- Disyembre
3. Day (Araw)
Sunday- Linggo
Monday- Lunes
Tuesday- Martes
Wednesday- Huwebes
Thursday- Miyerkules
Friday- Biyernes
Saturday- Sabado
Note: To write a date: Either write in English format or ika+number of day + ng + month + taong + year
(December 5, 1867- Disyembre 5, 1867 or ikalima ng Disyembre taong labingwalo at animnapu't pito)
B. Time
1. Appoximate
Yesterday- Kahapon________________Dawn- Madaling araw
Now/Today- Ngayon________________Morning- Umaga
Tommorow- Bukas_________________ Noon- Tanghali
A while ago- Kanina________________ Afternoon- Hapon
Later- Mamaya____________________ Night- Gabi
Before- Bago______________________Midnight- Hating-gabi
After- Pagkatapos
2. Clock Time
- Exact= ika+hour + ng umaga/hapon (8am- ikawalo ng umaga)
- Before= number of minutes before a certain hour + -ng/na + minuto + bago + ika+hour + ng umaga/hapon
(3:55pm- 3 minutes before 5pm- tatlong minuto bago ikalima ng hapon)
- Half-hour= hour + at kalahati + ng umaga/hapon (2:30pm- ikalawa at kalahati ng hapon)
- After= number of minutes after an hour + -ng/na + minuto + matapos + ika+hour + ng umaga/hapon
(4:09pm- 9 minutes after 4pm- siyam na minuto matapos ang ika-apat ng hapon)
Note: Time is indicated in reference to a certain hour. This could be written in minutes before/after an hour. If the time has already exceeded 30 minutes after the reference hour, use before for the next hour.
Vocabulary:
Hours- Oras; Minute- Minuto; Seconds- Segundo
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Wed Nov 29, 2006 1:34 am
XI. Adverbs (Pang-abay)
The adjectives can also be used as adverbs.
A. Modifies
1. Modifies a verb- If the adverb comes right before the verb, use the ligatures similar to the use of adjectives (I answered with a smile- Nakangiting sumagot ako). If the adverb comes (anywhere) after the verb that it modifies, write nang before the adverb (They meet happily- Sinalubong sila nang malugod).
2. Modifies an adjective- The adverb comes before the adjective that it modifies and uses ligatures (tunay na malakas- really strong). Another method is repeating the adjective in order to emphasize its trait (very red- pulang-pula; very young- batambata).
3. Modifies an adverb- The adverb comes right before the other adverb that it modifies. (She really talks loudly- Talagang malakas magsalita siya.)
B. Kinds
1. Manner (Pamaraan)
2. Location (Panlunan)
3. Time (Pamanahon)
4. Measure (Panggaano)
5. Panang-ayon
6. Pananggi
7. Uncertainty (Pang-agam)
C. Clitics
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Thu Nov 30, 2006 1:06 am
XII. Verbs A. Verb Aspects 1. Infinitive (Pawatas) 2. Completed (Pangnagdaan) 3. Progressive (Pangkasalukuyan) 4. Contemplative (Panghinaharap) B. Verb Focus 1. Actor 2. Object 3. Locative 4. Benefactive 5. Instrument
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Sun Jul 29, 2007 6:18 pm
RenegadeBanana *revives posts to put it on top of the heap* Everybody should try to learn Filipino its a mix of Espanol, Chinese, Arabic and etc. It doesn't look/sound like Chinese at all, can you give me an example of where Filipino is similar to it?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reply
