In the 21st century, millions of people are working daily in a
dusty environment. They are exposed to different types of health hazards
such as fume, gases and dust, which are risky factors in developing
occupational disease.
Dust is a sort of air pollution and is a general name for solid
particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers. Particles in arise
from various sources such as soil dust lifted up by wind as an air
pollution. Dust contains small amounts of many materials which may be
found in the local environment.
A place dust exist on all surfaces and even in the air. Different
mites can be found in the local dust. They excrete enzymes to digest the
organic particles, and excrete feces, that together become part of the
house dust, and may irritate allergies [3].
Alternately, the hygiene hypothesis posits that the modern
obsession with cleanliness is as much a problem as house dust mites. The
hygiene hypothesis argues that our lack of prior pathogenic exposure may
in fact encourage the development of ailments including hay fever and
asthma [5].
Dust is widely present in the galaxy. Ambient radiation heats dust
and re-emits radiation into the microwave band, which may distort the
cosmic microwave background power spectrum. Dust in this regime has a
complicated emission spectrum, and includes both thermal dust emission
and spinning dust emission [2].
Pollution normally is a general name for solid particles with
diameters less than 500 micrometers. Particles in arise from various
sources such as soil dust lifted up by wind as an air pollution. Dust
contains small amounts of many materials which may be found in the local
environment [1,4,6,7,9].
The total dust that can be produced by a project is influenced byits site mobilization; therefore, the use of optimized mobilizationhelps to keep dust down.
Large projects such as dam construction involve different
facilities including batching plants, crushing plants, etc. Moreover,
controlling their facilities and choosing the best arrangement of them
for dust controlling are extremely complicated. In addition, there is no
simple solution to find an optimized plan. Thus, in this paper the dust
effects caused by site mobilization is explained and presented.
Materials and Methods
Dust pollution:
A situation may be considered as dust pollution if it disturbs any
natural process or causes human harm, even if the dust does not occur on
a regular basis. The dust pollution is a common sort of air pollution
which poses challenges in many areas of engineering.
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter,
or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other
living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment.
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A batching plant, also known as a concrete plant, is a device that
combines various dusty ingredients to form concrete. Some of these
inputs include sand, aggregate (rocks, gravel, etc.) and cement. The
plant may include separate hoppers for several sizes of fine and coarse
aggregates, or only one hopper for fine aggregate and another for coarse
aggregate. It may have one or more divided hoppers, each containing two
or more separate compartments for different sizes of aggregates.
[FIGURE 3 OMITTED]
Dust around the batching plant is the flow of harmful dust gases on
a large scale. And, it consists of the bulk movement of air. Produced
dust can be classified by the batching plant speed, the types of it, the
construction site region, and the way it is used. Figure 3 shows a dusty
batching plant.
Aggregates Crushing Plants:
Crushing plant is usually used to crush rocks to final small
particles in which lots of dust can be produced. Using a dust controller
during crushing and carrying process will suppress surface dust and
minimize fine airborne particles from crushing operations. For example,
the fine mist generated by the units can help reduce dust related health
concerns, complaints and potential fines. Position the dust controller
over coring or crushing operations to help eliminate potentially harmful
dust emissions, near the clinkers for cooling and reducing dust during
grinding, or wherever dust creates a nuisance. Figure 4 shows a dust
controller which is used close to a crushing plant material carrying
system.
[FIGURE 4 OMITTED]
Transportation Systems Of Materials:
Trucks full of sand and crushed stone aggregate come in and deposit
their material into piles. Then a busy front-loader shovels the stuff in
various proportions into hoppers, and conveyors take it to the mixing
tower. There they are combined with cement, and the mix is deposited
into a specialized truck along with water. Materials transportation is
the movement of materials from one location to another. Modes of
transport includes trucks, conveyors, rails, etc. Vehicles traveling on
these networks may include trucks, truck mixers, bulldozers, etc. Dusts
deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for
transportation.
The operation is dusty. Perhaps not so bad, but certainly dusty
enough to give us pause. When we observed the loader in operation, we
saw clouds of dust rising from the hopper when it was
"charged" with a load. This dust was seen to blow in the wind
well clear of the plant. Figure 5 shows a dusty material transportation.
[FIGURE 5 OMITTED]
Road Construction In Site:
In the fields of civil engineering, construction is a process that
consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Civil
engineering deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the
physical and naturally built environment, including works such as
bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings.
A road is one of the key factors in a engineering construction. A
road is a route, or way between two places, which typically has been
improved to allow travel by some conveyance, including a bus, trucks and
other motorized vehicle. Modern roads are normally smoothed, paved, or
otherwise prepared to allow easy transporting. While, construction site
roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or
maintenance. These types of roads makes dust in many construction sites
(Figure 6).
[FIGURE 6 OMITTED]
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Mathematical Model Of Dust:
According to dust mathematical model classification, which is
mentioned previously, the mathematical model (%D=dust effect
coefficient) were be assumed as equation 1.
%D = (R - r) ([theta] - [phi])/R [PI]/2 (1)
In which R is the maximum distance between the dust source and site
plan border's points. And, r is distance between the dust source
and the point which is considered to calculate the dust effect at it.
Also, ([theta][]) is angle differences between wind direction and a line
between source point and target point (Figure 1).
Figure 2 shows a dust mathematical model. In the model the dust
source is located at (1,1) and R is assumed to be (2)1/2.
Conclusions:
The site mobilization frequently poses challenges in areas of
environment and workers health and dealing with this type of problem is
really important. Dust is one of the most important parameters that can
be harmful for workers.
In this article, dust effects on workers, environment and main
sources of dust production in construction sites are explained and
presented. The findings show that:
a. The most important causes of dust production in a construction
site are cement silos and dusty roads.
b. Simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or
maintenance make dust in many construction sites.
c. Modern roads, which are normally smoothed and paved, can be a
solution for dust controlling.
d. Using a dust controller during crushing and carrying process
will suppress surface dust and minimize fine airborne particles from
crushing operations.
e. Produced dust can be classified by the batching plant speed, the
types of it, the construction site region, and the way it is used.
References
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Zaniar Tokmechi
Department of Civil Engineering, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Sanandaj, Iran
Corresponding Author
Zaniar Tokmechi, Department of Civil Engineering, Sanandaj Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
E-mail: z.tokmechi@gmail.com
Tel: 918-873-1933, Fax: 871-3229437
