ch. 32.
mexican revolution fought over a period of almost ten years from 1910; resulted in ouster of porfirio diaz from power; opposition forces led by pancho villa and emiliano zapata.
emiliano zapata-mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Diaz from power, also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanded sweeping land reform.
mexican constitution of 1917- promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of mexican revolution.
eva duarte also known as evita peron; first wife of juan peron; became public spokesperson for peron among the poor until her death in 1952.
united fruit Co.- most important foreign economic concern in guatemala during the 20th century; attempted land reform aimed at united fruit caused u.s. intervention in guatemalan politics leading to ouster of reform government in 1954..
fulgencio Batista-dictator of cuba from 1934-1944; returned to presidency in 1952; ousted from government by revolution led by fidel castro.
salvador allende- president of chile; nationalized industries and banks, sponsored peasant and worker expropriations of land and foreign-owned factories; over thrown in 1973 by revolt of chilean military with the support of the united states.
sandinistas-
franciso madero-moderate democratic reformer in mexico; proposed moderate reforms in 1910; arrested by porfirio diaz, initiated revolution against diaz when released from prison; temporarily gained power, but removed and assassinated in 1913.
victoriano huerta-attempted to reestablish contralized dictatorship in mexico following the removal of madero in 1913; forced from power in 1914 by villa and zapata.
lazaro cardenas- president of mexico from 1934-1940; responsible for redistribution of land, primarily to create ejidos, or communal farms, also began program of primary and rural education.
Getulio Vargas-elected president of brazil in 1929; launched centralized political program by imposing federal administrators over state governments; held off coups by communists in 1935 and fascist in 1937; imposed a new constitution based on Mussolini's Italty; learned to communists after 1949; committed suicide in 1954.
juan jose arevalo-elected president of guatemala in 1944; began series of socialist reforms including land reform; nationalist program directed against foreign-owned companies such as united fruit company.
ernesto guevara- argentine revolutionary; aided fidel castro in overhtrow of fulgencio batista; died while directing guerrilla movement in bolivia in 1967.
fidel castro-cuban revolutionary; overthrew dictator fulgencio batista in 1958; initiated series of reforms to establish socialist reforms; came to depend almost exclusively on USSR.
banana republics
pancho villa-mexican revolutionary and military commander in northern mexico during the mexican revolution; succeeded along with emiliano zapata in removing diaz from power; aos participated in campaigns tharemoved madero and huerta.
juan D. Peron-military leader in argentina who became dominant political figure after military coup in 1 943; used position as minister of labor to appeal to working groups and the poor, became president in 1946; forced into exile in 1955; returned and won presidency in 1973.
Diego Rivera- mexican artist of the period after the mexican revolution; famous for murals painted on walls of public buildings; mixed romantic images of the indian past with christian symbols and marxist ideology
ch. 33
indian national congress party-grew out of regional associations of western-educated indians; originally centered in cities of bombay, poona, calcutta, and madras; became political party in 1 885; focus of nationalist movement in india; governed through most of postcolonial period.
lord cromer-british adviser in khedival egypt; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime.
montagu-chelmsford reforms-increased the powers of indian legislators at the all-india level and placed much of the provincial administration of india under local ministries ocntrolled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected indians; passed in 1919.
satyagraha- literally, "truth-force"; gandhi's policy of nonviolent opposition to british colonialism.
government of india act-
zionism-movement originating in eastern europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that the jews must return to a middle eastern holy land; eventually identified with the settlement of palestine
negritude- literary movement in africa; attempted to combat racial sterotypes of african culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and african physique; associated with origins of african nationalist movements.
kwame Nkrumah- african nationalist during period of decolonization; responsible for creation of first independent, black african state of ghana in 1957, established power through his own party, the convention peoples party (CPP)
National liberation front-(FLN) radical nationalist movement in algeria; launched sustained guerilla war against france in the 1950s; success of attacks led to independence of algeria in 1958.
B.G. Tilak- believed that nationalism in india should be based on appeals to hindu religionsity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient hindu traditions; offended muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in india.
rowlatt Act
muslim league- founded in 1906 to better support demands of muslims for separate electorates and legislative seats in hindu-dominated india; represented division within indian nationalist movement.
mandates-governments entrusted to european nations in the middle east in the aftermath of world war 1; britain occupied mandates in syria, irqa, lebanon, and palestine after 1922.
theodor herzl-mexican priest who established independence movement among indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed.
land freedom army-radical organization for independence in kenya; frustrated by failure of nonviolent means, initiated campaign of terror in 1952; reffered to by british as the mau mau.
secret army organization-(OAS) organization of french settlers in algeria; led guerrilla war following independence during the 1960s; assaults directed against arab,s berbers, and french who advocated independence.
morley-minto reforms (1909) provided educated indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-indian legislative councils.
dinshawai incident- clash between british soldiers and egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along nile river where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to egyptian protest movement.
mohandas gandhi
leon pinsker
wafd party-egyptian nationalist party that emerged after than egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the versailles treaty negotiations following the world war 1; led by sa'd zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limited egyptian independence beginning in 1922.
jomo kenyatta
cupartheid-
afrikaner national party
ch. 34.
bangladesh- founded as an independent nation in 1972; formerly east pakistan.
primary products
muslim brotherhood
green revolution
african national congress
free officers movement
jawaharial Nehru
ayatollah Khomeini-religious ruler of iran following revolution of 1979 to expel the pahlavi shah of iran; emphasized religious purification; tried to eliminate western influences and establish purely islamic government.
apartheid-policy of strict racial segretgation imposed in south africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically.
saddam hussein-military ruler of iraq; led iraq in ten-year war with iran; attempted to annex kuwait to iraq in 1990; defeated by coalition of american;, european, and arab forces in 1991 in persian gulf war.
anwar sadat-successor to gamal abdul nasser as ruler of egypt; acted to dismantle costly state programs; accepted peace treaty with israel in 1973; opened egypt to investment by western nations
homelands
nelson mandela
F.W. De. Klerk
gamal abdul Nasser
ch. 35.
sun yat-sen- head of revolutionary alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in china; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of yuan shikai in 1912.
Li dazhao- chinese intellectual who gave serious attention to marxist philosophy; headed study circle at the university of beijing; saw peasants as vanguard of revolutionary communism in china.
guomindang-CHINESE nationalist party founed by sun yet-sen in the 1919; drew support from local warlords and chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with communist in the 1924; dominated by chiang kai-shek after 1925.
long march-communist escape from hunan province during civil war with guomindang in the 1 934; center of communist power moved to shaaxi province; firmly established mao zedong as head of the communist party in china.
mass line-economic policy of mao zedong; led to formation of agricultural cooperatives in 1955; cooperatives became farming collectives in 1956.
gang of four-jiang qing and four political allies who attempted to seize control of communist government in china from the pragmatists; arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1976 following mao zedong's death.
viet minh- communist dominated vietnamese nationalist movement, ciperated out of base in southern china during world war 2; employed gurrilla tactics similar to the maoists in china.
ngo dinh diem-POLITICAL LEADER OF OSUTH VIETNAM, ESTABLISHED AS PRESIDENT WITH U.S. SUPPORT IN THE 1950S, OPPOSED COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT OF NORTH VIETNAM, OVERTHROWN BY MILITARY COUP SUPPORTED BY THE U.S.
dien bien phu
new youth-marxist periodical in china; did much to spread the ideas of marx and lenin among the politically active youth of china's coastal cities.
whampoa military academy-founded in 1924; military wing of the guomindang; first head of the academy was chiang kai-shek.
people's republic of china-communist government of mainland china, proclaimed in 1949 following military success of mao zedong over forces of chiang kai shek and the guomindang.
great leap forward-economic policy of mao zedong introduced in 1958; proposed industrialization of small-scale projects integrated into presant communes; led to economic disaster; ended in 1960.
cultural revolution-movement initiated in 1965 by mao zedong ot restore his dominance over pragmatist;s used mobs to ridicule mao's political rivals; campaign was called off in 1968.
tayson rebellion-peasant revolution in southern vietnam during the late 1770s; succeeded in toppling the nguyen dynasty; subsequently unseated the trinh dynasty of northern vietnam.
vietnamese nationalist party-also known as the vietnamese quoc dan dong or VNQDD; active in 1920s as revolutionary force committed to violent overhtrow of french colonialism.
viet cong-name given by diem regime to communist guerrilla movement in southern vietname; reorganized with northern vietnamese asistance as the national liberation front in 1958.
chiang kai-shek- a military officer who succeeded sun yet-sen as the leader of the guomindang or nationalist part yin china in the mid-1920s; became the most powerful leader in china in the early 1930s, but his nationalist forces were defeated and driven from china by the communist after world war 2.
may fourth movement-resistance to jap. encroachments in china began out this date in 1919; spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming china into a liberal democracy; rejected confucianism.
socialist youth corps-formed in 1920 in china; dedicated to recruiting urban working classes to the nationalist revolution in china.
mao zedong- communist leader in revolutionary china; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao; led communist reaction against guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in long march of 1934, seized control of all mainland china by 1 949; initiated great leap forward in 1958.
people's liberation army-chinese communist army; administered much of country under people's republic of china.
pragmatists- chinese communist politicans such as zhou enlai, deng xiaoping, and liu shaoqui; determined to resture state directio nand market incentives at the local level; opposed great leap forward.
red guard-student brigades utilized to mao zedong and his political allies during hte cultural revolution to discredit mao's political enemies.
nguyen anh- last surviving member of nguyen dynasty following tayson rebellion in vietname; with french support retook southern vietname; drove tayson from northern vietnam by 1802; proclaimed himself emperor with capital at Hue.
ho chi minh
BANNER ARMIES-light armies of the manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish qing dynasty.
BANANA REPUBLICS- term given to conservative governments supported or created by the u.s. in latin america; belived to be either corrupt or subservient to U.S. interest
[lost.x.forever] Community Member 
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