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The Alphabet

Letter - Letter Name as Recited in Alphabet - (Anglo Pronunciation of Letter Name) [notes]

Ææ - æt (ui?t) [like Russian ы]
Ââ - âttran (at-ron) [like in Apple]
Aa - at (aht) [like in AUstria]
Ää - ät (ait) [like in bAne]
Bb - bet (beht) [turns into a 'p' sound when at the end of word or preceding s or t]
Cc - cet (kheht) [like in KraCH]
Dd - det (deht) [turns into a 't' sound when at the end of word or preceding s or t]
Ee - et (eht) [like in dEck - dulls into an 'uh' sound when at the end of word]
Ëe - ët (eet) [like in bEEt]
Ff - fet (feht) [normal 'f' sound]
Gg - get (geht) [turns into a 'k' sound when at the end of word or preceding s or t]
Hh - het (heht) [normal 'h' sound]
Ii - it (it) [like in Icky]
Ïï - ït (eit) [like in Ice]
Цц - jet (jeht) [normal 'j' sound]
Kk - ket (keht) [normal 'k' sound]
Ll - el (ehl) [normal 'l' sound]
Mm - em (ehm) [normal 'm' sound]
Nn - en (ehn) [normal 'n' sound]
Oo - ot (oot) [like in fOOt or bOOK]
Öö - öt (ote) [like in dOme]
Pp - pet (peht) [normal 'p' sound]
Qq - qet (khet) [like in ReCHt]
Rr - ar (ar) [normal 'r' sound]
Ss - es (es) [starts a word as 's', in middle or end of word is 'z', and double s is 's']
Tt - tet (tet) [normal 't' sound]
Þþ - þess (thehss) [like in THick]
Ðð - ðess (thehss) [like in THis]
Uu - ut (uhht) [like in dUck]
Üü - üt (ooht) [like in dUne]
Ww - wet (veht) [like English 'v', but turns into an 'f' sound at the end of a word or preceding s or t]
Xx - ex (ehx) [normal 'x' sound]
Jj - yet (yeht) [normal 'y' sound]
Zz - zol (zohl) [like in Zap]
Žž - žen (zhen) [like in treaSure]

Notes about the pronunciation descriptions: The long A and long I sounds are going off of Anglophonics, not to be confused with Spanish-like sounds. Ei as in Stein and Ai as in Rain. Also, the bold th describes the voiced th sound, as in This, and the italic th describes the unvoiced th sound, as in Thick. Likewise, the bold kh describes the guttral "loogie" sound (like hard German ch), whereas the italic kh describes the soft "hy"-like sound (like soft German ch).


Diphthong Vowels

eu - oi sound (OIl)
ou - ow sound (MoscOW)
ie, ee - long e sound, same as ë (mE)
ei, ii - long i sound, same as ï (mIne)
ai, aa - long a sound, same as ä (dAme)
ue, uu - long u sound, same as ü (rUne)
oe, oo - long o sound, same as ö (bOne)

Conjugation of Basic Verbs

Normal verb endings that attatch to stem -

ix form - e
ðou form - st
hë/shë/iq forms - t
wä form - an (infinitive form)
ër form - at
ðä/ja forms - an (infinitive form)

Examples:

wiran - to wear

ix wire ____________ I wear
ðou wirst __________ you wear (infrm.)
hë/shë/iq wirt ______ he/she/it wears
wä wiran __________ we wear
ër wirat ___________ you all wear
ðä/ja wiran ________ they/you (frm.) wear

This is the conjugation of a normal verb.

However, due to the stem attatchments of the ðou and hë/shë/iq forms, verbs in which the stem ends in d or t add an -est for ðou and -et for hë:

hattan - to hate

ix hatte ____________ I hate
ðou hattest _________ you hate (infrm.)
hë hattet ___________ he hates
wä hattan ___________we hate
ër hattat ___________ you all hate
ðä/ja hattan ________ they/you (frm.) hate

grädan - to grade, evaluate

ix gräde ____________ I grade
ðou grädest _________ you grade (infrm.)
hë grädet ___________ he grades
wä grädan ___________we grade
ër grädat ___________ you all grade
ðä/ja grädan ________ they/you (frm.) grade

Otherwise, the forms would be ðou hattst, grädst and hë hattt, grädt, all of which are too complex to pronounce, for the most part.

Also, in verbs whose stems end in a single s, only the hë form changes in the same manner as above:

klösan - to close

ix klöse ____________ I close
ðou klösst _________ you close (infrm.)
hë klöset ___________ he closes
wä klösan ___________we close
ër klösat ___________ you all close
ðä/ja klösan ________ they/you (frm.) close

HOWEVER, if the stem ends in ss, the ðou AND hë forms are the SAME:

lassan - to leave

ix lasse ____________ I leave
ðou lasst _________ you leave (infrm.)
hë lasst ___________ he leaves
wä lassan ___________we leave
ër lassat ___________ you all leave
ðä/ja lassan ________ they/you (frm.) leave

One final thing to remember. Whereas the single s change only accomodates a change in the hë form, the f/v only accomodates a change in the ðou form:


signifan - to signify

ix signife ____________ I close
ðou signifest _________ you signify (infrm.)
hë signift ___________ he signifies
wä signifan ___________we signify
ër signifat ___________ you all signify
ðä/ja signifan ________ they/you (frm.) signify

lüvan - to love

ix lüve ____________ I love
ðou lüvest _________ you love (infrm.)
hë lüvt ___________ he loves
wä lüvan ___________we love
ër lüvat ___________ you all love
ðä/ja lüvan ________ they/you (frm.) love


Those are the conjugations of all normal verbs.

**Pronunciation notice: In all the verbs ending in an, that very 'a' is not pronounced. It will sound like the unstressed, end-of-the-word 'e', which sounds kinda like a dull 'uh' sound.

Ex: wiesan (wee-z'n)

List of Regular Verbs (incomplete)

âddelan - to add
abtënan - to obtain
alarman - to alarm
alloran - to adore
aderknouwan - to acknowledge
anhelzinnan - to embrace, hug
anspräkan - to discuss
arrängan - to arrange
arveitan - to work

bakan - to bake
bedeuffan - to mean
bedrökan - to squeeze
begleitan - to accompany
beglouban - to
begrippan - to understand
behoran - to touch
beitan - to bite
beleugan - to accelerate
bemävan - to move
benaderan - to approach
bendan - to bend
benoudan - to need
beseffan - to realize
besholdigan - to accuse
bevistan - to attend
bewunderan - to admire
bikegan - to buy, purchase
bläsan - to blow
blosan - to blush
boran - to bore
brennan - to burn
bringan - to bring

damman - to damn
desoran - to desire
demman - to judge
dettan - to die
dëfenerran - to decrease
dëstendan - to descend
diцan - to drive
divertan - to divert
drïjan - to dry
drögan - to drop
düssan - to doubt

elaiban - to experience
eiffinvian - to envy
elöban - to applaud
emptieran - to empty
enbattan - to worship
endan - to end
entsholdigan - to apologise
erfreutan - to please
ergeran - to annoy
ergriffan - to seize
erklaran - to clarify
erlangan - to acquire
erlëran - to lose
eskortieran - to escort
ettan - to eat
exägan - to explain
expektan - to expect
Eventienettan - to eat dinner

fägan - to fade
fedallian - to screw around, goof off
fekkan - to copulate (vulg.)
fellan - to feel
fenerran - to increase
ferran - to celebrate
fieran - to fear
fillan - to fill
fisserstroukan - to punch
flogan - to fly
foetstroukan - to kick
follendan - to complete, finish
fraskan - to ask
fräzennan - to freeze
frëdan - to fry
friejan - to free
friespräkan - to absolve
fronsan - to fret
frounnan - to frown

gâssan - to fart
gattan - to get
gatteran - to gather, collect
gemüsan - to amuse
geniessan - to like, enjoy
geniessan siq - to have fun, enjoy oneself
geslingan - to succeed
gessan - to guess
gevan - to give
gëjüwan - to yawn
glimmlacan - to smile
glinsan - to shine
glintennan - to glint
glittan - to glitter
grädan - to grade, to evaluate
grippan - to grip, grasp
grüppan - to group
güwarvan - to grant

hailan - to hail
hattan - to hate
hästan siq - to hurry, hasten
helfan - to help
helzinnan - to hold
herinneran - to remember
herran - to hear
houtan - to cleave
houwan - to slash, cut up
höffan - to hope
hinderan - to bother
hïssan - to be called
hülan - to cry

implan - to imply
inthelzinnan siq - to abstain
intstallan - to install
intsteullan - to embed

цakan - to steal
цeunnan - to join

kamplikätan - to complicate
keffan - to smoke (as a cigarette)
killan - to kill
kempan - to fight
kissan - to kiss
kissan as ðer Frentzreiqern - to French kiss
kiðäkan - to watch
klâmpan - to clamp
klaran - to clear
klâspan - to clasp
klatzan ouf - to clatter about
knekkan - to knock
knekkan över - to knock over
knouwan - to know
komman - to come
konstouwan - to construct
klösan - to close
kökan - to cook
kömproderan - to compromise
kuttan - to cut
künnan - can

lâkan - to lack
lacan - to laugh
lattan - to admit
lassan - to leave
lavetan - to wash
lernan - to learn
lettan - to let, permit
leuftan - to run
liban - to live
liberan - to liberate
liftan - to lift
listeran - to listen
litshan - to light
lokan - to look
lokan as - to look like
lüveцeunnan - to marry
lüvan - to love

makkan - to make
merkan - to mark
mënnan - may
Mittdätettan - to eat lunch
Mordenettan - to eat breakfast
miltan - to melt
mussan - must

nabberan - to nibble
nassan - to wet
neman - to accept
nësan - to sneeze
nippan - to sip

öffan - to open
överþerfan - to overthrow, invade

pardan - to forgive, pardon
partäjan - to party
pänan - to pain, injure, harm
pfelmstroukan - to slap
plappennan - to chatter
plouwan - to plow
pollan - to pull
priðan - to plead
proderan - to promise
pücan - to push

radan - to talk
räffelan - to advise
ränan - to rain
räseran siq - to shave oneself
redëran - to regard, consider
respektan - to respect
rettan - to rescue
rëarrängan - to rearrange
rëintstallan - to reinstall
riekan - to smell
riekan as/üv - to smell like/of
rieqan - to reach
ristan - to rest
rïdennan - to ride
roukan - to smoke, fume
roustan - to roast
rüran - to stir

sedeundan - to spend
segeran - to sail
segnan - to bless
sevan - to save
sëngan - to sing
shimman - to shimmer
shleqtspräkan - to swear, cuss
shleqtjüsan - to abuse
shmekkan - to taste
shmekkan as/üv - to taste like
shrïan - to scream
shollan - should
shoutan - to shout
shrubban - to scrub
shuttelan - to shake
siffennan - to signal
signifan - to signify
sikkelan - to giggle
sittan siq - to sit down
sïnnan - to sign
skielan - to play
skrïban - to write
slendan - to slice
slieffan - to sleep
sperran - to spare, economize
spettan - to notice, spot
spräkan - to speak
steffan - to scare, terrify
steqan - to stretch
steimman - to agree
steullan - to place, put
stöltzan siq - to pride oneself, be proud of
straffan - to punish
stroukan - to strike, hit
subtrâctieran - to subtract
suffan - to hurt, suffer
sugestieran - to suggest
sündan - to sin

tengan - to catch
traffan - to meet
träkan - to take
tränkan - to drink
treinan - to try
tshoppan - to chop

þätan - to think
þerfan - to throw

ðenkan - to thank

unaderknouwan - to deny
unintstallan - to uninstall
unvouwan - to unfold
utbrennan - to burn up
utpollan - to pull up
utstendan - to ascend
uttshoppan - to chop up
utwikan - to wrap up

varan - to exist
verflökan - to curse
verlarkan - to grow
vermodan - to tire
verrattan - to surprise
vershlemman - to aggravate, make worse
verspotzan - to ridicule
vertinnelan - to shrink
verzeuman - to fail
vënkan - to wink
vistan - to visit
vouwan - to fold

wacan - to awaken
wakan - to walk
warnan - to warn
wartan - to wait
wävan - to wave
welkomman - to welcome
wellan - to become, will
weuppan - to wipe
wiffan - to miss
winshan - to wish
wïnan - to whine
wunderan - to wonder

jillan - to yell
jüsan - to use

zägan - to say
zeitteran - to tremble
zerstouwan - to destroy
zïqenan - to draw
zougan - to suck

List of Nouns (incomplete)

Note: A masculine noun that describes a person, i.e. king (Käng) or runner (Leufter) is typically made feminine by adding -een [or -en if the word ends in e] to the end of the word. Thus, queen is Kängeen and a female runner is Leuftereen.

ðer Æson - desk
ðen Æpreg - pear
ðer Ævil - evil
ðer Ævritze - coffee

ðer Âx - axe
ðer Anцü - male angel
ðen Anцüeen - female angel
ðen Ante - aunt
ðen Apsell - apple
ðen Arenuss - Uranus
ðer Arveiter - male worker
ðen Arveitereen - female worker
ðer Avietertraff - reunion

ðer Ball - ball
ðen Bakenpelvor - baking powder
ðer Baker - male baker
ðen Bakereen - female baker
ðer Bass - bass
ðer Bassgitar - bass guitar
ðen Benânne - bananna
ðer Band - band
ðen Blebbar - bubble
ðen Bosinte - banner
ðer Broder - brother
ðen Butter - butter
ðer Bük - book
ðer Büvar - bowl

ðen Däm - Ms./Mrs., lady
ðen Däme - woman
ðen Däte - day
ðen Diq - dish
ðer Dougger - dagger
ðer Daktor - male doctor
ðen Daktoreen - female doctor

ðer Eher - ear
ðen Eherpræniern - earring
ðer Eiffel - eye
ðer Eiffelnglosse - eyeglasses
ðer Eier - anger
ðen Eiral - egg
ðen Eiss - ice
ðen Elvenbein - ivory
ðer Ende - end
ðen Enk - ink
ðen Enkskrïbterrel - pen
ðen Erðe - Earth, earth
ðer Ёst - East

ðer Faðer - father
ðer Fetteräцjin - federation
ðer Flog - fly
ðer Foll - fool
ðen Flouwer - flower
ðen Flousser - flour
ðen Foude - food
ðer Frösh - frog

ðer Geld - guild
ðer Gitar - guitar
ðer Glett - key
ðen Glimmen - lips
ðer Gloss - glass
ðen Grepp - grape

ðen Hæmed - shirt
ðen Hælvör - sheath
ðer Hall - hall
ðer Heiliger - saint
ðen Heiligereen - saintess
ðen Hemmell - Heaven
ðer Hette - heat
ðer Hound - dog
ðen Houde - wood
ðer Houtenkneiffe - cleaver

ðen Intelland - island

ðer Цaker - thief
ðen Цakereen - female thief
ðer Цehoeva - God, god
ðer Цüner - boy
ðen Цüpitor - Jupiter

ðer Kaipe - cape
ðer Kase - cause
ðer Katte - cat
ðer Käng - king
ðen Kängeen - queen
ðer Kängte - kingdom
ðen Kebirte - birth
ðen Kebirtendäte - birthday
ðer Kemper - male fighter
ðen Kempereen - female fighter
ðer Kint - child
ðen Klür - clock, watch
ðer Kneiffe - knife
ðer Kneit - male knight
ðen Kneiteen - female knight
ðen Koest - coast
ðer Kompjüter - computer
ðer Köker - male cook
ðen Kökereen - female cook
ðer Kömproderäцjin - compromise
ðen Kolt - cold
ðer Kupp - cup
ðer Küsin - male cousin
ðen Küsineen - female cousin

ðer Læцe - skateboard, luge
ðer Lâmp - lamp
ðer Land - land, country
ðer Lavetort - lavitory
ðer Letzt - left
ðer Leufter - male runner
ðen Leuftereen - female runner
ðer Liberer - male liberator
ðen Liberereen - female liberator
ðen Litsh - light
ðer Lor - Mr., lord
ðer Lorцehoeva - The Lord (God)
ðen Lün - moon
ðer Lüver - male lover
ðen Lüvereen - female lover

ðer Mann - man
ðer Maister - master
ðen Maistereen - mistress
ðen Marken - market
ðen Mäden - girl
ðer Merker - marker
ðen Mars - Mars
ðer Mens - humans, people
ðer Messeidäte - Christmas
ðer Mër - ocean
ðen Mist - mist, fog
ðen Mittdäte - midday, noon
ðer Mittel - middle
ðen Morkürie - Mercury
ðer Moter - money
ðer Morden - morning
ðer Mound - mouth
ðen Mütte - mother

ðer Näm - name
ðer Neffer - nephew
ðen Neffereen - niece
ðen Neit - night
ðen Neptöne - Neptune
ðen Netter - nature
ðer Norþ - North

ðer Ördin - order
ðer Övel - oval

ðer Pandæmönjom - Hell
ðen Parqmin - paper
ðen Peffe - pepper
ðen Pelvor - powder
ðen Pluetö - Pluto
ðer Pönkt - point
ðen Præniern - ring
ðer Proderäцjin - promise

ðer Rävrus - wheel
ðer Reiq - empire
ðer Republik - republic
ðen Rinf - reef
ðer Riqt - right
ðer Rok - back
ðer Rokzakk - backpack

ðen Sâturn - Saturn
ðer Sën - view, sight
ðer Sënpönkt - point of view
ðer Seit - time
ðer Senter - center
ðen Serrie - cherry
ðen Sesser - sister
ðer Seudin - way, direction, manner
ðer Shass - treasure
ðen Sie - sea
ðen Skemarken - supermarket, grocery store
ðen Skiele - game
ðer Skrïb - writing
ðer Skrïbterrel - pencil
ðen Snell - snail
ðer Sounn - son
ðer Souþ - South
ðen Spöne - spoon
ðer Spräkt - speech, language
ðen Stærn - star
ðer Stoen - stone
ðer Stöck - stick

ðen Tacter - daughter
ðer Tažer - fork
ðer Tenner - thunder
ðer Terrel - tool
ðer Tesh - table
ðen Teshspön - tablespoon
ðen Tiener - tree
ðer Touver - tower, castle
ðer Töv - tofu
ðer Traff - meeting
ðen Triete - treaty
ðen Tshaköl - chocolate
ðer Tvörävrus - bicycle

ðer Þrërävrus - tricycle
ðen Þörn - thorn

ðer Unkal - uncle

ðen Vëniss - Venus
ðen Vidjö - video
ðen Vidjöskiele - videogame
ðer Vïne - vine
ðen Vïtan - vitamin
ðer Vouwer - folder

ðer Waik - week
ðen Water - water
ðer Wedder - weather
ðer West - West
ðer Wïne - wine

ðer Jact - yacht
ðer Jaffen - port

ðer Zakk - pack, bag
ðer Zarü - sorrow
ðen Zëten - sweets
ðer Zunne - sun
ðen Žorkel - characteristic, quality

---Specified Nouns---

Days of the Week

ðen Waikdäte - weekday
ðer Waikende - weekend

ðen Zunnzdäte - Sunday (sun day)
ðen Lünzdäte - Monday (moon day)
ðen Tienerzdäte - Tuesday (tree day)
ðen Waikzmittel - Wednesday (week middle)
ðen Tennerzdäte - Thursday (thunder day)
ðen Friezdäte - Friday (free day)
ðen Sâturnzdäte - Saturday (Saturn day)

Months

ðen Mand - month
ðen Jar - year

ðen Цanüwar - January
ðen Febrüwar - February
ðen Martz - March
ðen Äpril - April
ðen Mäje - May
ðen Цünie - June
ðen Цülie - July
ðen Agöst - August
ðen September - September
ðen Aktöber - October
ðen Növember - November
ðen Dessember - December

Thanks. smile

Well, I'll just reserve a few posts just in case. This'll be one of them.




Expressions of Obligation

Two basic ways of expressing obligation exist in New Sâxon.

Like in English, there is a way to say that one "has to" do something.

hävan + ën Verpfliqtäцjin + for + infinitive

Example:

Ix hav ën Verpfliqtäцjin for gün.
I have to go. (I have an obligation for going.)

The other way is more simple:

mussan + infinitive

Example:

Ix musse gün.
I must go.

The Past Tenses

As in English, there are multiple ways to form the past tenses. The first is the most basic, like the way most used in English:


Preterite Participles

To form the preterite participle, attatch these endings to the stem:

ix form - tre
ðou form - trest
hë/shë/iq forms - tret
wä form - tren (infinitive form)
ër form - trat
ðä/ja forms - tren (infinitive form)

Example:

desoran - to desire

ix desortre ___________ I desired
ðou desortrest ________ you desired (infrm.)
hë desortret __________ he desired
wä desortren _________ we desired
ër desortrat __________ you all desired
ðä/ja desortren _______ they/you (frm.) desired

This time, there is only one type of irregularity existing in problems with verb stem endings - the d and t. In this case, all endings put an 'e' to separate the consonants.

Example:

begleitan - to accompany

ix begleitetre ___________ I accompanied
ðou begleitetrest ________ you accompanied (infrm.)
hë begleitetret __________ he accompanied
wä begleitetren _________ we accompanied
ër begleitetrat __________ you all accompanied
ðä/ja begleitetren _______ they/you (frm.) accompanied

follendan - to finish

ix follendetre ___________ I finished
ðou follendetrest ________ you finished (infrm.)
hë follendetret __________ he finished
wä follendetren _________ we finished
ër follendetrat __________ you all finished
ðä/ja follendetren _______ they/you (frm.) finished


Perfect Preterite

This one follows the English concept of using the verb "to have" and the perfect participle to talk about the past - what has been done.

present hävan + (ke+)hë form of verb

Example:

Ix hav ðë kepänt...
I have harmed you...

The irregular verbs act in the same manner.

Example:

Ðä hävan tört kegüt.
They have gone there.

Wä hävan ðem kesët.
We have seen them.


Pluperfect Preterite

Like English, this tense describes what happened before anything else - something that had happened. This is formed the same as the perfect preterite, but the past tense of the verb hävan is used.

past hävan + (ke+)hë form of verb

Example:

Ix had hem kehattet...
I had hated him.


Past Progressive

This one is simple. To say that one was doing something, use the past tense of wiesan with the present progressive form.

past wiesan + infinitive(+d)

Example:

Ix was eq vouwand.
I was folding it.


Past Perfect Progressive

A little more challenging. This is used to say what one has been doing.

present hävan + infinitive(+d) + perfect participle of wiesan

Example:

Ðou hast ettand kewiesan.
You have been eating.


Past Pluperfect Progressive

This one follows the same trend as the previous tense. This form is used to say that one had been doing something.

past hävan + infinitive(+d) + perfect participle of wiesan

Example:

Wä haven radand kewiesan.
We had been talking.

**There is one exception, as seen, to the formation of the perfect participle of wiesan. Instead of attatching ke to the hë form of wiesan ("kewis"), it is attatched to the infinitive ("kewiesan"). This is the only exception.

The Future Tense

The most common and important way of forming the future tense is with the use of the verb wellan.

wellan + infinitive

Ix welle geslingan.
I will succeed.

Ix welle tin Skemarken gün.
I will go to the supermarket.

Another common way to speak of the future is to use the present tense of a verb when the set time is stated.

Timorden wä fedallian!
Tomorrow we (will) screw around!

Ðä traffan Tienerzdäte.
They (will) meet Tuesday.


Future Perfect Tense

It's the way of saying that something will have been.

wellan + perfect participle + infinitive of hävan

Ðou wellst göde kewiesan hävan.
You will have been well.

Hë wellt eq kenemt hävan.
He will have accepted it.