|
|
| How do you study? |
| I don't study, but somehow do very well (.. lucky bastards) |
|
50% |
[ 14 ] |
| I don't study, and fail (then study, silly!!) |
|
0% |
[ 0 ] |
| I use flashcards |
|
10% |
[ 3 ] |
| I re-read over and over |
|
10% |
[ 3 ] |
| I talk to myself like a crazy person |
|
21% |
[ 6 ] |
| Other |
|
7% |
[ 2 ] |
|
| Total Votes : 28 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
 Posted: Tue Oct 02, 2012 5:02 pm
The Study Thread
I'm sure some of you have fallen to this as well.. lately, I have been neglecting my studies to make gold on gaia... BUT DECIDING BETWEEN THE 2 WILL BE NO MORE!!
We can now make gold by posting AND study at the same time! In this thread I'll be posting my study materials because for me, repetition is KEY for memorizing information. If you would like to use this thread for your studies, feel free! I like learning about interesting things you guys are studying about, and perhaps my study material can help you understand things too ^^
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Tue Oct 02, 2012 5:23 pm
Male Reproductive System
Anatomy
- The 2 roles of testes? Spermatogenesis & secretion of male sex hormones (ANDROGENS i.e., testosterone)
- site in testes of spermatogenesis? SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
- Important cell type found in TESTICULAR INTERSTITIUM (tissue b/w seminiferous tubules): LEYDIG CELL, responsible for androgen synthesis (testosterone)
- Seminiferous tubules empty into EPIDIDYMIS (long coiled tube located on the back of each testicle) >> from epididymis, empties into VAS DEFERENS which leads to URETHRA
- To get to urethra, vas deferens leaves scrotum and enters INGUINAL CANAL (tunnel that travels along hte body wall toward the crest of hte hip bone) From there, the vas deferens enters the pelvic cavity and joins the vas deferens from the other side of the body near the back of hte urinary bladder to make EJACULATORY DUCT
Recap: leydig cell in testicular interstitium, responsible for androgen making
seminiferous tubules > epididymis > vas deferens > inguinal canal > ejaculatory duct > urethra
- SEMINAL VESICLES (glands on the back of bladder, secretes 60% of semen into ejaculatory duct)
- Semen made by 3 glands: seminal vesicles, prostrate, and bulbourethral glands --> ACCESSORY GLANDS
seminal vesicles, bulbourethral, prostate gland = accessory
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
Posted: Tue Oct 02, 2012 5:26 pm
Secretions from seminal vesicles-- adds fructose and other stuff necessary for sperm function (60%)
Secretions from prostate gland-- alkaline secretions (35%) neutralize acidity in urethra
Secretions form bulbourethral gland-- (3%)contributes to ejaculate; secretes viscous alkaline fluid that helps in lubrication and neutralizing acidity from pee
Sperm (2%)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Tue Oct 02, 2012 5:32 pm
60%-seminal vesicles, fructose and stuff for function
30%-prostate gland, alkaline secretions neutralize urethra
10%-bulbourethral glands, for ejaculate, viscous alkaline fluid for lubrication and neutralizing pee acidity
2 compartments that contain erectile tissue? corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum
sexual act controlled by what part of CNS? integrating center in spinal cord responds to physical stimulation from CEREBRAL CORTEX, which can either activate the integrating center (arousal) or inhibit (anxiety interferes)
cerebral cortex, integrating center in spinal cord acts on it
Arousal is dependent on PARASYMPATHETIC NVS (erection, lubrication)
Orgasm is dependent on SYMPATHETIC NVS (emission, ejaculation)
oh my this is embarrassing now
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
Posted: Tue Oct 02, 2012 5:49 pm
Resolution, return back to normal unstimulated state is dependent on SYMPATHETIC NVS
4 glands contributing to semen- seminal vesicles, prostate glands, testes, bulbourethral
Which components of male sexual act can occur if all sympathetic activity is blocked? erection and lubrication (arousal only)
What's the difference b/w emission and ejaculation? Emission is movement of sperm and semen components into ejaculatory duct; ejaculation is movement of semen from ejaculatory duct out of urethra (obby)
Spermatogenesis
- Meiosis used only in gametogenesis
- GAMETOGENESIS when DIPLOID (2n) germ cells undergo meiotic division to make HAPLOID gametes
- Male gametes: spermatozoa / sperm
- Female gametes: Ova / eggs
- Fusion: zygote
- Both gametes contribute equally to genome, but EGG provides every other part of the zygote --> maternal inheritance; i.e. mitochondria are inherited maternally
- Spermatogenesis begins at puberty and occurs in testes throughout life.. females do not
- Purpose of SERTOLI CELLS: aid spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules
- Immature sperm precursors are found in OUTER wall of tubule, and nearly-mature spermatozoa are DEPOSITED INTO THE LUMEN where they are transported to the EPIDIDYMIS for maturation
SPERMATOGENESIS
Spermatogonium (outer region of seminiferous tubule) -(mitosis)-> primary spermatocyte -(1st meiotic division)-> secondary spermatocyte -(2nd meiotic division)-> spermatids --> spermatozoa (inner region of seminiferous tubules)
mnemonics: spermatoGONium is GONNA become a sperm. Any gamete precursor male or female with "cyte" undergoes meiotic division; secondary spermatoCYTE undergoes second meiotic division. the spermatid's a kid-- almost mature
spermatid turns into spermatozoan
spermatozoa are NOT capable of motility; they travel to vas deferens to become fully mature/capable
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Tue Oct 02, 2012 6:54 pm
Spermatogonium (mitotically reproduce, S phase of meiosis) > primary spermatocyte (meiosis I) > secondary spermatocyte (meiosis II) > spermatid > spermatozoan (finishes maturing in seminiferous tubule, in epididymis)
While in vas deferens, they remain inactive, how? vas deferens releases inhibitory substances; inactivity causes them to have low metabolic rates, thus conserves energy and fertile during storage
how long does sperm stay fertile? month
do spermatogonia divid by mitosis or meiosis? mitosis; SPERMATOCYTES undergo meiosis (has 'cyte')
1 spermatogonium after it becomes committed to meiosis -> 4 haploid cells from meiosis of one diploid spemratogonium
during gametogenesis, sister chromatids remain paired with each other until anaphase of hte second meiotic cell division; meiosis I involves pairing, recomb, and separation of homologous chromosomes. Meiosis II is like mitosis, where sister chromatids separate.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
Posted: Tue Oct 02, 2012 7:03 pm
Spermatids develop into spermatozoa in the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES with the aid of SERTOLI CELLS
the neck of sperm contains logs of mitochondria
Compartment on the head of sperm that contains hydrolytic enzymes required for penetration of ovum's protective layers: ACROSOME
Protein on sperm's surface that attaches to receptors on the vitelline membrane surrounding ovum: BINDIN
Hormonal control of Spermatogenesis
Hormone that helps stimulate division of spermatogonia and is responsible for development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics: TESTOSTERONE
2ndary sexual characteristics: maturation of genitalia, male distribution of facial and body hair, deepening voice, increased muscle mass
This stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone: LUTEINIZING HORMONE, LH
stimulates sertoli cells: FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE, FSH
recap, LH stimulates leydig to secrete testosterone. sertoli cells (aids in development of spermatids) stimulated by FSH
Increased testosterone levels in blood indirectly decrease the production of FSH; testosterone, estrogen, progesterone and inhibin are all hormones which exhibit feedback inhibition upon anterior pituitary and hypothalamus. LH is secreted by anterior pituitary and reaches target via systemic circulation. GnRH reaches target via portal system. LH is necesssary in stimulating interstitial cells of Leydig to secrete testosterone, which is necessary for germ cell stimulation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Wed Oct 03, 2012 10:36 am
Interesting idea. I'm going to move this to the You subforum, though. The b***h About Your Life subforum is more for rants.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Irako of the Desert Vice Captain
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
Posted: Wed Oct 03, 2012 2:25 pm
Irako of the Desert Interesting idea. I'm going to move this to the You subforum, though. The b***h About Your Life subforum is more for rants. Thank you for moving it for me xD I couldn't decide haha
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Wed Oct 03, 2012 3:11 pm
Leydig cells which secrete testosterone are stimulated by LH (L-L!!)
FSH Stimulates Sertoli cells (helps mature)
Increased testosterone levels in blood indirectly decrease production of FSH
LH --> Leydig cells --> Testosterone
FSH --> Sertoli --> maturation
Both hormones secreted by anti pit controlled by hypothalamus. GnRH uses portal system
Development of Male Reproductive System
Early embryos have undifferentiated gonads, both have WOLFFIAN DUCTS that can develop into male counterparts (epididymis, seminal vesicles, as deferens) and MULLERIAN DUCTS that can develop into female internal genitalia (fallopian tubes, uterus, v****a)
Wolffian ducts --> male stuff
Mullerian ducts --> female stuff
Wolffian, male, mullerian, female. wolffian male, mullerian female. wolff male, mull female, think W for women, and M for male but then it's opposite day
T/F: Female external genitalia (labia, clitoris) are derived from mullerian ducts. FALSE. only internal!! Fallopian tubes, uterus, v****a
XY embryos lead to development of testes, which cause male genitalia to develop by producing testosterone and MULLERIAN INHIBITING FACTOR (MIF) makes sense, no?
This is made by? MIF is made by testes and causes regression of Mullerian ducts, preventing female internal glands
Testosterone secretionb y cells which later give rise to testes begins WEEK 7 OF GESTATION!! Testes are formed WEEK 9.
7 weeks = testosterone secreted
9 weeks = testes form
Testosterone responsible for development of male external genitalia enters systemic circulation and must be converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE in target tissues in order to exert effects
Testosterone is made by embryonic testes. Their development does not depend on testosterone
Embryo with an XY genotype that lacks receptor for testosterone? Testes are present; external genitalia are female; neither mullerian nor wolffian ducts develop. vas deferens, seminal vesicles, depend on testosterone to develop, but testes depend on XY genotype only
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
Posted: Wed Oct 03, 2012 4:26 pm
XY Genotype ==> testes --> Testosterone (local) Wolffian Duct development
--> Testosterone (systemic) conversion in target tissue > dihydrotestosterone > development of male genitalia
--> MIF Mullerian duct regression
Female Reproductive System: Anatomy/Development
XX genotype leads to formation of ovaries, which secrete female sex hormones (estrogens)
Mullerian ducts --> internal female structures: vag, fallopian tubes, uterus; no homologous structures from males since came from mullerian and not wolffian
Innermost lining of uterus: ENDOMETRIUM. Responsible for nourising developing embryo and in absence of pregnancy is shed each month
Surroudning endometrium is MYOMETRIUM. Thick smooth muscle
Uterus ends in 2 fallopian tubes which extend into pelvis. Each ends in a bunch of finger-like structures: FINBRIAE
At ovulation, where does hte egg come from and where does it go? Comes from ovary (causes pain in periods) and must be swept into the fallopian tube by a cosntant flow of fluid caused by cilia
Fate of Wilffian ducts and derivatives in female? disappear
Mullerian ducts develops fallopian tubes and uterus (not estrogen) as long as MIF is absent
Female Smexual Act
Lubrication is provided by mucus secreted by 2 things: BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS and VAGINAL EPITHELIUM
bartholin's glands and epithelium. barhtolin bartholin bartholin and epithelium. think bartholomew was a perverted pirate?? bartholin and epithelium. Mullerian develops internal female structures
Oogenesis and Ovulation
Germ cells of ovary divide mitotically and produce large numbers of oogonia as an embryo
No OOGONIA enter meiosis after a few months of a female infant being born
# of gamete precursors remains constant until puberty (primary oocyte)
Primary oocyte can live from embryonic life till menopause in late adulthood
Cell contents during cell division in oogenesis? One cell gets half the DNA and almost all the cytoplasm, other gets half DNA and no cytoplasm
Cell that gets little cytoplasm: POLAR BODY
During oogenesis, 2 polar bodies are made. FIRST POLAR BODY from first meiotid civision, SECOND from 2nd meiotic division
meiosis during oogenesis results in how many gametes? 1 gamete rather than 4
Primary oocyte formed in a female embryo are frozen in (what stage?) for decades until they re-enter meiotic cycle. Prophase I
During menstrual cycle, several primary oocytes compete and all but one die. That one completes meiosis I
The first polar body is extruded and the one iwth more cytoplasm becomes secondary oocyte
Secondary oocyte emerges from ovary and enters fallopian tubes-- becomes OVULATED; secondary oocyte is haploid. After first meiotic division, the cell is haploid; the homologous chromosomes have separated. They are still replicated though, hence reason for meiosis II!!! HAPLOID after first meiotic division
When does secondary oocyte complete meiosis II? ONLY when fertilized by sperm. The second polar body is not extruded from the developing egg cell until after a sperm nucleus enters the cell
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Wed Oct 03, 2012 4:54 pm
First polar body extruded, only one with more cytoplasm becomes secondary oocyte. Travels to fallopian tube, ovulated. Haploid = after first meiotic division
Secondary oocyte completes meiosis II ONLY when fertilized by sperm. Secodn polar body not extruded until after sperm nucleus enters cell. During menstruation, we release a secondary oocyte frozen in meiosis II, not mature. Poor thing :'c baby secondary egg
When fertilization occurs, nuclei from sperm and egg do not fuse immediately-- rather they must wait for sencondary oocyte to finish maturing ot an ootid and hten an ovum. The 2 nucleu then fuse and the 2n zygote is made.
Sperm waits for secondary oocyte to shed 2nd polar body and finish maturing to an ootid, then ovum, THEN fuse to make 2n zygote. Sperm is a sweet gentleman who waits for 2nd oocyte to finish getting ready
Gamete precursors are formed while a female is still an embryo in the womb: primary oocytes
each meiotic division yields what? One viable egg precursor + one polar body that dies
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
Posted: Wed Oct 03, 2012 5:37 pm
Each meiotic division yields one viable egg precursor + one polar body that dies
When the meiotic cycle is finally reactivated, competition occurs a nd only 1 PRIMARY OOCYTE succeeds. It releases the firs tpolar body as it matures into a SECONDARY OOCYTE which is ovulated. Many other PRIMARY OOCYTES enter hte competition but lose and die-- hence many PRIMARY OOCYTES are lost with each period
Secondary oocytes do not finish Meiosis II unless htey are fertilized; aka fertilization occurs BEFORE egg precursor is mature
When fertilization occurs, egg and sperm nuclei don't fuse until after hte egg extrudes SECOND POLAR BODY and completes is maturation process to become mature
When oogonium undergoes meiosis, 3 cells result. Why only 3, where 4 cells in male? 1 egg results; 3 cell sinclude 2 polar bodies, + 1 ovum. there are only 3 becuase hte first polar body does not divide OHHH IT MAKES SENSE NOW!!!!
Primary oocyte is found in a clump of supporting cells called FOLLICLE
Follicle is made up of a primary oocyte surrounded by GRANULOSA CELLS which assist in maturation
An immature primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells, forming PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE
Primary oocyte has 1 layer granulosa called primordial follicle, PRIMARY oocyte, PRIMORDIAL folicle.
This matures into a PRIMARY FOLLICLE when granulose cells proliferate to form several layers around oocyte, the oocyte itself forms a protective layer of mucopolysaccharides named ZONA PELLUCIDA and the follicle is surrounded by interstitial cells called THECAL CELLS.
Primordial follicle, 1 layer, that proliferates into primary follicle. The primary oocyte forms protective layer of mucopolysaccharides, zona pellucida. zona pellucida primary oocyte. Primary oocyte, zona Pellucida, PP. Around follicle is thecal cells
primary follicle -> follows primordial follicle, proliferated
zona pellucida, protective layer made by oocyte
thecal cells, interstitial cells surround follicle
Of the maturing follicles, only 1 progresses to the point of ovulation each month, all others degenerate. Mature follicle is called GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. think giraffe has long neck O: mature giraffe has longest?!
During ovulation, mature follicle bursts, releasing secondary oocyte with its zona pellucida and protective granulosa cell sinto fallopian tube. the layer of granulosa cells surrounding ovum is CORONA RADIATA. Ovulation, mature follicle bursts, releasing secondary oocyte with zona pellucida and protective granulosa cells.. the granulosa protective cells surrounding ovum is corona radiata.. radiates outward during ovulation
Estrogen is made and secreted by Granulosa cells during first half of period (with help of thecal cells)
2 steroid hormones secreted during second half of cycle? Estrogen and progesterone
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Wed Oct 03, 2012 5:38 pm
I'm bored I: I'm gonna draw and then try to remember anything that I just studied.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Puppet on a String Theory Crew
Philosophizing Bibliophile
|
Posted: Wed Oct 03, 2012 5:52 pm
Strong Pokemon... Weak Pokemon...
That is only the selfish perception of people... Oh, I'm very much interested in this idea.
If you wouldn't mind, I might like to frequent in this thread to assist myself in my own studies and other schoolwork, and et cetera.
This seems like a rather conventional way of doing while not having to pull oneself away from the computer. Truly skilled Trainers should try to win...
With the Pokemon they love best.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
