They're extremely useful for doing the minumum possible damage to a picture while drawing it...
Examples of how I use layers:
The top layer of my picture will be the lineart, I make this transparent so the black stays on top, but I can colour beneath it.
Then I will make layers for every major colour on the picture, so if I'm drawing a mech with black, red, dark red and light red armour, I'll make 4 layers.
Doing it this way means that I can now select any individual colour on the picture and alter that with ease, instead of having to carefully pick out small pieces to work on.
On more layers above the flast colours but below the lineart I'd add shading and shines because these are generally pretty messy parts for me and I don't want them interfering with the flat colours.
On a typical picture my layers set up will look something like this:

I'm not sure if that will be much help to you... keep asking questions if you want assistance.