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Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division - Founded by key members of the earlier SSR at the start of the Vietnam War in 1955, the organization, most commonly referred to simply as SHIELD, is a UN-chartered covert international counter-intelligence and counter-terrorist agency under the oversight of a council of twelve unknown individuals. It has vast technological and tactical resources at its disposal, including an airborne base equipped with cloaking technology and several facilities developing various weapons and other technologies, though its main role is as a peacekeeping organization.

Strategic Scientific Reserve - The predecessor of most modern intelligence agencies, the SSR was founded at the start of World War II by the Allied Powers in response to rumors of Axis experiments in eugenics and advanced weapons technology.
A coalition of some of the greatest scientific minds in the world as well as the greatest intelligence officers, it is probably best known for its success with Project: Rebirth, which produced the legendary soldier Captain America.

Weapon 0 and Weapon I
From its inception the purpose of Weapon + was the creation of soldiers or living weapons who could fight the wars of the future. In spirit, Weapon + is a continuation of Abraham Erskine's work on Project: Rebirth. As such, when Weapon + was initially formed in the late 1940's, Erskine's projects in Germany and with the SSR, prior to and after the beginning of World War II respectively, were retroactively dubbed Weapons 0 and I.

Weapon + proper
Weapon II
The Weapon + program did not immediately attempt to re-create the success of Project: Rebirth. In fact, their first project experimented on animals rather than humans.
Weapon III
The subject of Weapon III was a mutant - a quality that would return in later incarnation - and unlike the previous experiment or those that would follow, he was not given some invasive procedure that would alter his life. He was recruited at the beginning of the Cold War and given advanced training to work in espionage, gathering intelligence from the Soviets.
Weapon IV
Like Weapon II, this program also experimented on animals, though its procedures were more exteme and invasive. Most test subjects did not survive.
Weapon V and Weapon VI
These two projects are often considered to be one, as their stated goals and methods were very similar. Both employed ethnic minorities as test subjects. The only thing distinguishing Weapon VI from Weapon V is that its experiments were more extreme, similar to the difference between Weapons II and IV.
Weapon VII
This program, more commonly referred to as Project: Homegrown, experimented on American soldiers during the Vietnam War. All but one of the subjects died. This lone survivor, dubbed 'Nuke', was given sub-dermal armor implants - a procedure so agonizing that he afterward developed a powerful addiction to the narcotics he took to numb the pain.
This program also experimented with adamantium bonding, though met with very little success.
Weapon VIII and Weapon IX
Like Weapons V and VI, and II and IV before them, Weapons VIII and IX, these two projects were very similar in stated goals as well as sharing test subjects. These projects experimented on members of the American correctional system, namely death row inmates, and the later incarnation was once again marked by its more extreme methods.
Weapon X
This project experimented almost exclusively on mutants. Many of the subjects did not survive, but those that did were considered astounding successes, the greatest of which considered to be the Wolverine. With his healing powers, he was able to survive the adamantium bonding process which had earlier killed so many other subjects. This was considered such a milestone achievement that he became synonymous with the Weapon X project and was given the designation Weapon X as an official moniker.
However, relying on the same healing powers Weapon X also attempted another kind of procedure that had never before been done. By way of small gaps in the adamantium plating of his skull for this purpose, memories of his past life were systematically removed with the intent of retraining and reconditioning him to be the perfect living weapon.
He eventually became aware of the manipulation and fled the facility.
XXXWeapon X+
XXXTen years after the escape of Wolverine, Weapon X was re-instated. Weapon X+ was an attempt to recreate the successes of Weapon X while avoiding repeating its mistakes. To accomplish this, it was decided that a subject would be needed who was a blank template so that it could not reject the conditioning process. To this end, attempts were made to clone Wolverine from genetic material gathered during his time with Weapon X, though with incomplete data the best they could do was duplicate Wolverine's X chromosome. The first viable specimen was the 23rd, who was raised from infancy to be a soldier and assassin.