I have some fabric that I cannot find any trim for at all. The lady at the fabric store suggested using more of the same pattern to make some ruffles for trimmings, and I think this sounds like a wonderful idea. The only problem is, I'm a self-taught novice when it comes to clothes, and I'm not sure the best way to sew it. I can see that many of you are very talented, so I'm sure someone here knows how to do what I'm talking about.
I have some pictures of what look like 3 different kinds of ruffles to me.
Here's a ruffle over the fabric, the kind I'm most familiar with:

Here's a ruffle on top of the fabric(?):

And this one looks like it's under the fabric?:

Can someone explain to me how I would sew material to make ruffles like any or all of these? Or point me to some online tutorials?
I have a sewing machine, but I prefer to sew by hand if possible, if that helps.

