|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Irako of the Desert Vice Captain
|
 Posted: Thu Oct 25, 2012 8:35 am
The NAD-RID CPC
Tenet 1: Interpreters adhere to standards of confidential communication
Tenet 2: Interpreters conduct themselves in a manner appropriate to the specific interpreting situation.
Tenet 3: Interpreters conduct themselves in a manner appropriate to the specific interpreting situation.
Tenet 4: Interpreters demonstrate respect for consumers.
Tenet 5: Interpreters demonstrate respect for colleagues, interns, and students of the profession.
Tenet 6: Interpreters maintain ethical business practices.
Tenet 7: Interpreters engage in professional development.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Thu Oct 25, 2012 9:30 am
good golly i feel like the things we need to study are related o_O
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
Posted: Thu Oct 25, 2012 9:48 am
yuintakie_yuki good golly i feel like the things we need to study are related o_O watcha studyin for? xD physiology?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Fri Oct 26, 2012 10:44 am
Pink C a n a r y yuintakie_yuki good golly i feel like the things we need to study are related o_O watcha studyin for? xD physiology? ehehe no o.o pre-med o_O
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
Posted: Thu Nov 01, 2012 7:27 pm
Portion of placenta derived from zygote: chorion
Maintenance of endometrium is made by chorion, secreting a hormone which can take place of LH in maintaining corpus luteum-- this is called human chorionic gonadotropin hCG
^ peptide hormone, similar to both LH and FSH in structure
Immediately prior to ovulation, during menstruation LH surge causes ovulation
Proliferative phase of the endometrium coincides w/ maturation of ovarian follicles
Part 2: Development
Fertilization and Cleavage
A secondary oocyte is ovulated and enters the FALLOPIAN T UBES. it s surrounded by CORONA RADIATA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Thu Nov 01, 2012 8:03 pm
Secondary oocyte gets ovulated and enters fallopian tubes; surrounded by corona radiata, a protective layer of granulosa cells, and the zona pellucida, also known as vitelline layer located just outside the egg cell membrane
Oocyte remains fertile for how long? 1 DAY
If intercourse occurs, sperm are deposited near cervix, and are activated, aka CAPACITATED
Active sperm survives 2-3 days
Fertilization is the fusion of spermatozoan with SECONDARY OOCYTE
In order for fertilization to occur, the sperm must penetrate the corona radiate and bind to and penetrate the vitelline layer (zona pellucida)
How does sperm do this?
Acrosome reaction; sperm head has a large acrosome vesicle that cotnains hydrolytic enzymes which are released by exocytosis. After corona radiate has been penetrated, an ACROSOMAL PROCESS containing actin elongates toward the vitelline layer. That process has BINDIN, a species-specific protein that binds to receptors in the vitelline layer. The sperm and egg then fuse, and the sperm nucleus enters the secondary oocyte, which after 20 minutes finishes meiosis II, giving rise to an ootid and hte second polar body. Ootid matures rapidly, becoming an OVUM, and then teh sperm and egg nuclei fuse and hte new diploid cell is known as zygote (picture oocyte as the girl getting ready for a date, guy has to wait until she is ready then they can go and lock hands)
Because of a particular disease, a man produces sperm without acrosomes. His spermatozoa are abnormal in that they: Are incapable of fertilizing the egg
Cleavage
FIRST STAGE
Cleavage is first stage, where zygote undergoes many cell divisions ot make a ball of cells called MORULA
Morula is same size as zygote, which indicates dividing cells spend most time in S phase (synthesis) of cell cycle and mitosis, not G1/G2 (growth) phase
As cell division continues, morula transforms into BLASTOCYST, in the process called BLASTULATION. The blastocyst consists of an outer cell mass and an inner cell mass adhering to the inside of hte outer cell mass AT ONE END OF HTE CAVITY
Outer cell mass gives rise to TROPHOBLAST, which will give rise to the CHORION (the zygote's contribution to hte placenta).
The inner clel mass will become EMBRYO
So to recap: Cleavage begins, zygote > morula > blastocyst (blastulation): outer cells > trophoblast > chorion/placenta ///// inner cells > embryo
Cleavage is inhibited by YOLK; humans undergo holoblastic (COMPLETE) cleavage, whereas birds, reptiles, insects, fish have yolk and that effects cleavage. For those animals, cleavage occurs on a very small portion of the yolk at the animal pole (where least yolk is at) and this incomplete division is known as MEROBLASTIC
Humans do holoblastic-- complete cleavage, birds/reptiles do incomplete division-- meroblastic cleavage
Implatntation and the Placenta
Developing blastocyst reaches uterus and burrows into the endometrium a week after fertilization. Trophoblast (remember, the outer cell mass of blastocyst that becomes chorion / zygote's contribution to placenta?) secretes PROTEASES that lyse endometrial cells. The blastocyst then sinks into the endometrium and is surrounded by it, absorbing nutrients through the trophoblast into the inner cell mass.
(talk about leach, sucking the nutrients out of you... gonk )
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
Posted: Thu Nov 01, 2012 9:25 pm
http://vocaroo.com/i/s16qCGv8558WYes. I've incorporated vocaroo's into my studying. ;_; I have no life... What happens if hte corpus luteum is removed during the first trimester? Woman menstruates, and embryo is lost; hCG is substitute for LH in stimulating hte corpus luteum. The role of corpus luteum is to make estrogen and progesterone, which maintains endometrium. During the last 6 months, the corpus luteum is no longer needed. Why? Placenta secretes sufficient estrogen and progesterone to maintain endometrium. Damn, placenta, u scary These are chorionic projections extending into the endometrium, into which fetal capillaries will grow-- PLACENTAL VILLI Does O2-containing blood pass from the mother into the developing fetus? NEGATORY. Placenta facilitates exchange of substances b/w 2 bloodstreams w/o allowing actual mixing Embryo, and what else is made from inner cell mass? MNION, YOLK SAC, ALLANTOIS!!!! This surrounds a fluid-filled cavity which cotnains the developing embryo. AMNION "water" which "breaks" (is expelled) before birth: AMNIOTIC FLUID First site of rbc synthesis in the embryo for humans: YOLK SAC Develops from the embryonic gut and forms the blood vessels of the umbilical cord, which transport blood b/w embryo and placenta-- ALLANTOIS recap: amnion, surrounds a fluid-filled cavity which contains embryo amniotic fluid, the fluid inside yolk sac, first site of rbc synthesis in embryo allantois, from embryonic gut, umbilical c ord, transport blood b/w embryo and placenta All has the same genome-- chorion, amnion, yolk sac. (from mama and papa) Endometrium is part of mom and only has genetic info from mom.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Thu Nov 01, 2012 9:53 pm
Post-Implantation Development After blastulation is gastrulation. What occurs here? - the 3 primary germ layers become distinct-- ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm Germ layers become: http://vocaroo.com/i/s0zsZLfOXD4iTest: http://vocaroo.com/i/s0yQDWj05140Answers: ECTODERM: 1, 4, 5, 8, 11 MESODERM: 2, 6, 7, 13 ENDODERM: 3, 9, 10, 12 Things I keep forgetting: Anterior pituitary- endoderm urogenital organs themselves - mesoderm (kidneys, ureters, gonads, reproductive ducts); urogenital EPITHELIAL LINING: endoderm ~~ After gastrulation is: Neurulation-- formation of NVS This proceeds by invagination and pinching off of a layer of ectoderm along the dorsum (back) of embryo to form the DORSAL ENURAL GROOVE. This gives rise to NEURAL TUBE, which gives rise to braina nd spinal cord
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
Posted: Thu Nov 01, 2012 10:24 pm
During which trimester is the developing human most sensitive to toxins such as drugs and radiation?
First trimester, when organs are being formed.
During gastrulation, do tissues derived from trophoblast move inward to form the lining of hte primitive gut? NO. gastrulation involves only cells derived from the inner cell mass. (embryo, amnion, yolk sac, allantois
Differentiation
These primitive cells in early embryo has the potential to become any type of cell. TOTIPOTENT CELLS
A cell is said to be DETERMINED when the cell fate has become fixed
Determination precedes differentiation-- what does this mean?
A cell is determined before it is visibly differentiated
During early embryonic development, cells near the devleoping notochord undergo an irreversible developmental choise to become skeletal muscle later in development, although they do not immediately change their appearance. This is an example of? DETERMINATION; a cell who's fate is fixed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Thu Nov 01, 2012 10:56 pm
Generalized Animal Phylogeny and DevelopmentRadial animals (jellyfish, hydra) have different germ layers than bilateral animals how? - They only have 2 gastrulation germ layers, rather than 3 This is known as? -Diploblastic rather htan triploblastic Which 2 germ layers do jellyfish and hydra have? - Ectoderm, endoderm Animals with solid bodies are called? Give ex - Acoelomates-- flatworms like planarians Fluid-filled cavities separating digestive tracts from body are called? - Coelomates-- most others Protostomes vs. DeuterostomesCoelomates can be divided into 2 distinct lines of evolution, which? - PROTOSTOMES & DEUTEROSTOMES This type includes echinoderms, chordates: DEUTEROSTOMES This type includes annelids, mollusks, arthorpods: PROTOSTOMES Recall that gastrulation involves invagination of blastocyst to make the gut, and a second opening to complete the digestive tube with mouth at one end and a**s at other. What is the fate of the first opening (blastospore) for protostomes vs. deuterostomes? - Protostomes- mouth (stroma=mouth, proto=first) Deuterostomes-a**s (stroma=mouth, deutero=second) This one has the type of cleavage which is radial and indeterminate- where planes of cell division align with the vertical axis either in parallel or perpendicularly, with the result that cells align on top of one another: DEUTEROSTOMES This one has the type of cleavage which is spiral and determinate- wher eplanes of cell division lie diagonal to the embryo's vertical axis, with the result being that smaller cells lay in grooves bw larger cells: PROTOSTOMES In determinate cleavage, each cell's fate is decided early on in the cycle of cell divisions. Which uses this? PROTOSTOMES In indeterminate cleavage, the cells retain their totipotency. Which this? DEUTEROSTOMES What might be the result if hte cells of a deuterostome embryo were separated very early in their development? - Each cell woudl go on to form a complete, normal animal. It is why identical twins can exist. PROTOSTOMES Typical animals: annelids, mollusks, arthropods Fate of first opening (blastospore): Becomes mouth Fate of second opening: Becomes a**s Cleavage: Spiral and determinate DEUTEROSTOMES Typical animals: echinoderms, chordates Fate of first opening (blastospore): Becomes a**s Fate of second opening: Becomes mouth Cleavage: Radial and indeterminate Test: http://vocaroo.com/i/s1p1Qm2OAOqXAnswers: 1. Ectoderm, endoderm 2. Protostomes & deuterostomes 3.Deuterostomes 4. Protostomes 5. Protostomes: becomes mouth // Deuterostomes: becomes a**s 6. Protostomes: becomes a**s // Deuterostomes: becomes mouth 7. Deuterostomes 8. Protostomes 9. Protostomes 10. Deuterostomes 11. Each cell would become a complete, normal animal. It is why identical twins can exist, since the cells don't have a "fate" determined for htem yet. The ones I have issues with: protostomes have SPIRAL AND DETERMINATE cleavage. deuterostomes have RADIAL AND INDETERMINATE cleavage. annelids, mollusks, arthropods - protostomes echinoderms, chordates - deuterostomes
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
Posted: Wed Jul 10, 2013 7:22 am
Breathing.
Alveoli- terminal points of respiratory tract. It takes O2 from air and supply to blood. takes CO2 from blood and sends out to atm. Atm air is richer in O2 than CO2. O2/CO2 moves by passive diffusion into blood by alveolus & capillary that surrounds them. Alveolus has surface tension which makes it easy to collapse. Surfactant helps it not collapse. CO2 in blood sometimes combines with water to become carbonic acid, then dissociates to H + bicarbonate, also CO2 conbines with Hb. In blood, travels as these 3 ways. If respiratory center detects low in O2, increases rate of respiration. When blood CO2 increases, increases rate of respiration. When CO2 enters blood from cells, > carbonic acid > H+ bicarbonate, therefore blood pH falls. Lower blood O2, increase CO2, inc H+, lower pH makes respiratory center increase respiratory rate.
Heart.
Blood leaves heart from left ventricle, goes through aorta (larges artery in human body) takes blood away from heart. Veins take blood towards heart. All blood goes into anterior vena cava and posterior vena cava. anterior/posterior vena cava take blood to right side of heart. Right atrium, right ventricle trap door: tricuspid valve. L atrium, L ventricle: bicuspid/mitral valve. Blood on R side of heart can move to right atrium > right ventricle. Right ventricle > pulmonary circulation involves lungs, goes into pulmonary rtery and divides to R pulmonary artery (leads to R lung) and L pulmonary artery (L lung). Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood (R/L) and bring into L atrium > L ventricle > aorta.
Diastole: contraction of atrium
Systole: contraction of ventricles (when blood is pushed thruought whole body 'arteriole pulse'
SA node- signal to contract starts here
SABP: SA node > atrioventricular node > bundle of HIS > Perkinje fibers
Blood has 3 types of cells + proteins
RBC: carry blood gasses (O2/CO2),
WBC: leukocytes that form pus, eats foreign particles/bacteria/lymphocytes
Platelets: blood clotting
All originate from precursor cells from bone marrow
Hematocrit: Percentage of whoel blood volume occupied by rbc
Plasma: whole blood w/o cells
Serum: leftover fluid after plasma clots
2 Blood pressure in capillary: hydrostatic (causes fluid to be push out of capilalry) and osmotic (pulls into capillary)
@ ateriole end, hydrostatic is greater htan osmotic, fluid pushed out of capillary
@ venous end, osmotic greater than hydrostatic, so fluid is pulled into capillary
99% of fluid goes thru this, rest gets picked up by lymph system
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Wed Jul 10, 2013 8:04 am
PANIC MODE, MY EXAM IS ON THE 18TH ;;
Lymph System
Lymph node - made of lymph cells / lymphocytes, circulate in blood as well. returns interstitial fluid into blood and protects body against infection
Spleen : giant lymph node full of lymphocytes. Destroys old rbc
Thymus helps develop lymphocytes
2 types:
T lymphocytes: arise inb one marrow, mature in thymus. repsonsible for celular immunity
B lymphocytes: bone marrow, responsible for humoral immunity
When foreign substances enter blood - 'antigen'
causes B lymphocytes make protein antibodies to bind to foreing materials, makes easy to destroy.
T lymphocytes destroy antigens
GI tract
Food: carb, protein, fat
Carb - starch
Digestion: mouth > esophagus> stomach > S intestin > L intestine
Mouth: amylase starts breakdown of starch
Esophagus wriggles "peristalsys" moves food to stomach
no digestion occurs in esophagus
Parietal cell sof stomach secrete HCl (makes stomach very acidic)
Stomac acid secretion is stimulated by VAGUS NERVE
Chief cells of stomach secrete Pepsin > digest protein, works best in acidic environment
Enzymes that function in S Intestin produced in pancreas. Travels via pancreatic duct. Pancreatic enzymes function in digestion of starch, protein, & fat.
Common bile duct - delivers bile made from liver and stored in gallbladder
Bile emulsifier, breaks fat into smaller particles. Allows Lipase to do a better job ov breaking down fat.
Liver makes bile, and converts glucose into glycogen, converts AA to keto-acids and urea, detoxifies drugs/poisons, phagocytizes worn out rbc
L intestine reabsorbes WATER
Once food passes stomach, enters S intestin via pyloric sphincter. In intestine, food exposed to enzymes that digest starch, protein, fat.
Inactive state of enzymes: zymogens. Must be cleaved to be activated
Pancreatic enzyme that digests starch: pancreatic amylase
Pacreative enzyme that digests fat: pancreative lipase
tripsin & chymotripsin: pancreative enzymes that digest protein
Once food is broken down, absorbed in S intestine, enters blood, processed by liver. Waste is passed to L intestine. Water is also secreted along with pacreatic enzymes in S intestine via pancreas. water enters L intestine and is reabsorbed and taken into blood
Muskuloskeletal System
Bone is made of 2 thigns: collagen + hydroxyapetite (calcium salt crystals)
2 types of bone
Spongy & Compact bone
Bones held together by joints (3)
collagen fiber, cartilage, synovial (shoulder, knee, jaw)
Synovial joins has synovial capsules that has membrane that makes synovial fluid keeps bones from rubbing together.
Ends of bones covered iwth articular cartilage, protects against rubbing.
haversion system: haversian canal: blood vessels, nerves run through
Lacunae: where bone cells live
Bone cells: osteocytes
osteoblast: bone building cells
osteoclasts: break down bone
Ligaments: bone to bone attachments
Tendongs: Muscle to bone attachments
Skeletomuscle - voluntary, striated
antagonistic actions: do opposite things
muscle fiber is composed of sarcomeres, has filaments made of protein
Sarcomeres responsible for contraction
thin filaments: actin
Thick filaments: myosin
Thin filaments attached to rods- Z lines
Thick filament length: A band
Space b/w thick filament: I band
Space b/w thin filament: H band
Actin & myosin filaments connect by cross-bridges via hinge-movments making sarcomer shorter
Only H and I band shorten, A band remains same
When sarcomer gets shorter, so does muscle fiber > whole muscle
In Muscle Fiber:
Endoplasmic reticulum is called sarcoplasmic reticulum SR
To move body:
Send nerve signal down motor neuron to skeletal muscle
1. nerve releases Ach
2. muscle undergoes action potential, SR releases Ca++, causes actin & myosin to slide past each other > sarcomere shortens
3. Excess Ach is broken down by cholinesterase
muscle fibers have lots of mitochondria to make NRG for muscle contraction
When muscle is actively contracting, blood vessels will dilate to give enough O2 and trade CO2 via blood. If not enough O2, can't take pyruvic acid and put into kreb cycle, thusmuscle reduces pyruvic acid by anaerobic oxidation
pyrivate is converted into lactate, lactate build up leads to oxygen debt, makes lactic acid
3 types of muscle
skeletal voluntary
smooth all other muscle, inside blodo vessels, glands, itnernal organs/ducts, involuntary
cardiac heart, striated, has intercalated disc, involuntary
Smooth, cardiac: nerves from autonomic
Skeletal: somatic system nerves
smooth: not striated
Cardiac/skeletal: striated
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
Posted: Wed Jul 10, 2013 10:32 pm
Kidneys
Made up of nephrons, filters blood, gets rid of waste materials, keeps nutrients in blood.
Bowman's capsule: captures all blood
Glomerulus: bunch of blood vesels
Blood filtrationt hru bowman's capsule: ions, water, small proteins; things that don't go in are cells, large proteins
proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle: salt concentration low outside top of loop, and high at the bottom. Concentration lowest towards top of loop. As filtrate moves down Loop, concentration of salt outside loop increases. As filtrate moves up ascending Loop, salt descends passively out
Distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct: collects all filtrate --> now called 'urine' > ureter > urethra
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Posted: Wed Jul 10, 2013 11:25 pm
Hormones: Secreted by endocrine gland
Pancreas
Produces 3 digestive enzymes, sends to S intestines via pancreatic duct-- not hormones cuz don't travel through bloodstream.
The 2 hormones it makes:
Insulin - effects cells by making more permeable to glucose. Glucose concentration in blood decreases
Glucagon - (glucose gone!) Target organ is liver; causes liver to release glucose into blood
Adrenal Gland
2 endocrine glands; adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Secretes 2 hormones: epi, norepi, increases heartrate and bp, and alertness
Adrenal cortex
Secretes a lot of hormones, many are steroids/corticosteroids/gluccocorticoids- have effect on a lot of organs
Cortisone: glucocorticoid
Mineralcorticoids help kidney regulate sodium and phosphate balance
Aldosterone, mineralcorticoid
Thyroid
secretes TH, increases rate of metabolism. Also secretes calcitonin, decreases blood calcium
Parathyroid
Secretes PTH, increases blood concentration of calclium
Thyroid is under the influence of another hormone from another gland.
Anterior Pituitary (in brain)
TSH - secreted into blood stream, causes thyroid to secrete TH
Also secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH- stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
GH - organ, bone, muscle to grow
Prolactin - Boobies, milk production
FSH
LH
Posterior Pituitary
Secretes 2 hormones, vasopressin - cuases kidney to retain water (ADH)
Oxytocin - uterus contraction for birth
^ Both made in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary. Posterior does not produce any hormones, just stores them
Hypothalamus, releases hormones to stimulate anterior pituitary
female menstrual cycle
Phase 1 Follicular Phase: anterior pituitary secretes 2 hormones: FSH, LH
Stilumates one of follicles in ovary to grow
Growing follicle secretes hormone Estrogen; During Phase 1, 3 total hormones are secreted= FSH, LH, estrogen
Follicular phase lasts 10 days, just before ends anterior pituitary secretes large surge of LH. Sudden increase of LH = LUTEAL SURGE
Luteal surge causes follicle to release ovum into fallopian tubes - luteal surge produces ovulation
Ovum is now in fallopian tube. Broken follicle is left behind in ovary, called corpus luteum. Secretes 2 hormones: estrogen, progesterone
Progesterone gets uterus ready for pregnancy (uterus grows glands, blood vessels)
After 13 days, corpus luteum stops secreting estrogen/progesterone, uterus sheds new glands/blood vessels --> mentrual bleeding; lasts ~5 days
Cycle completed
If ovum is fertilized, no flow, and developing placenta secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) - hormone that stimuilates continuous release of progesterone by corpus luteum
testes: endocrine organs
in testes, seminiferous tubules is where spermatozoa is formed
interstitial cells - around seminiferus tubules: secrete testosterone - male sex hormone (during puberty releases a lot of testosterone)
Testosterones cause cells in seminiferous tubules to go through spermatogenesis (meiosis), also responsible for 2ndary sexual characteristics: deepening voice, increase muscle, facial hair development
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous Conversationalist
|
Posted: Thu Jul 11, 2013 5:35 pm
Acronym for anterior pituitary hormones: FLATPIG (I = ignore)
FSH, LH, ACTH, TH, prolactin, GH
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
