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 Posted: Sat May 05, 2007 7:51 pm
Section 9 - The past tenses
Simple preterit
This past tense is the equivalent to English "I went" and "I had" etc.
To conjugate an -ar verb in the simple past tense, remove the -ar ending and attach these endings to the remaining stem for each form:
yo é_______________nosotros amos
tú aste_____________vosotros asteis
él/ella/usted ó_______ellos/ellas/ustedes aron
EX:
caminar - to walk
yo caminé - I walked_______________________nosotros caminamos - we walked
tú caminaste - you walked__________________vosotros caminasteis - you(pl.) walked
él/ella/usted caminó - he/she/you walked______ellos/ellas/ustedes caminaron - they/you(pl.) walked
To conjugate an -er/-ir verb in this tense, remove the -er/-ir ending and attach these endings to the remaining stem for each form:
yo í________________nosotros imos
tú iste______________vosotros isteis
él/ella/usted ió_______ellos/ellas/ustedes ieron
EX:
vender - to sell
yo vendí - I sold__________________________nosotros vendimos - we sold
tú vendiste - you sold_____________________vosotros vendisteis - you(pl.) sold
él/ella/usted vendió - he/she/you sold________ellos/ellas/ustedes vendieron - they/you(pl.) sold
vivir - to live
yo viví - I lived__________________________nosotros vivimos - we lived
tú viviste - you lived_____________________vosotros vivisteis - you(pl.) lived
él/ella/usted vivió - he/she/you lived________ellos/ellas/ustedes vivieron - they/you(pl.) lived
-car, -gar and -zar verbs
-ar verbs that end in -car, -gar and -zar undergo spelling changes in the yo form of the simple preterit tense:
In -car verbs, the c becomes a qu to preserve the k-like pronunciation (if it were left a c, the added -é would turn it into the th/s sound):
tocar - to touch, to play (an instrument)
yo toqué - I touched______________________nosotros tocamos - we touched
tú tocaste - you touched___________________vosotros tocasteis - you(pl.) touched
él/ella/usted tocó - he/she/you touched_______ellos/ellas/ustedes tocaron - they/you(pl.) touched
In -gar verbs, the g becomes a gu to preserve the g-like pronunciation (if it were left a g, the added -é would turn it into the h sound):
jugar - to play (a sport/game)
yo jugué - I played______________________nosotros jugamos - we played
tú jugaste - you played___________________vosotros jugasteis - you(pl.) played
él/ella/usted jugó - he/she/you played_______ellos/ellas/ustedes jugaron - they/you(pl.) played
In -zar verbs, the z becomes a c to preserve the spelling rule that z is only used before a, o and u - c is used to make the same sound before e and i:
cazar - to hunt
yo cacé - I hunted_______________________nosotros cazamos - we hunted
tú cazaste - you hunted___________________vosotros cazasteis - you(pl.) hunted
él/ella/usted cazó - he/she/you hunted_______ellos/ellas/ustedes cazaron - they/you(pl.) hunted
Imperfect preterit
This past tense sort of has two functions - to tell what one used to do, and to tell what one was doing (esp. when something else happened - the thing that happens to disrupt this activity is typically in the simple preterit tense).
To conjugate an -ar verb in the imperfect past tense, remove the -ar ending and attach these endings to the remaining stem for each form:
yo aba_______________nosotros ábamos
tú abas______________vosotros abais
él/ella/usted aba_______ellos/ellas/ustedes aban
nadar - to swim
yo nadaba - I swam________________________nosotros nadábamos - we swam
tú nadabas - you swam_____________________vosotros nadabais - you(pl.) swam
él/ella/usted nadaba - he/she/you swam_______ellos/ellas/ustedes nadaban - they/you(pl.) swam
To conjugate an -er/-ir verb in the imperfect past tense, remove the -er/-ir ending and attach these endings to the remaining stem for each form:
yo ía________________nosotros íamos
tú ías_______________vosotros íais
él/ella/usted ía________ellos/ellas/ustedes ían
aprender - to learn
yo aprendía - I learnt________________________nosotros aprendíamos - we learnt
tú aprendías - you learnt_____________________vosotros aprendíais - you(pl.) learnt
él/ella/usted aprendía - he/she/you learnt_______ellos/ellas/ustedes aprendían - they/you(pl.) learnt
asistir - to attend
yo asistía - I attended________________________nosotros asistíamos - we attended
tú asistías - you attended_____________________vosotros asistíais - you(pl.) attended
él/ella/usted asistía - he/she/you attended_______ellos/ellas/ustedes asistían - they/you(pl.) attended
Perfect preterit
This past tense uses an auxiliary (or 'helping') verb to tell the past just like English's "I have gone" and "I have had" etc. Haber (to have) is the verb you use (you don't use tener, which means to have in possession - likewise, haber is never used for tener's purpose). A past participle is used with the present tense forms of haber to make the perfect preterit.
To form a participle, remove the verb stem and add:
-ado for -ar verbs
-ido for -er/-ir verbs
EX:
haber caminado - to have walked
yo he caminado - I have walked________________________nosotros hemos caminado - we have walked
tú has caminado - you have walked_____________________vosotros habéis caminado - you(pl.) have walked
él/ella/usted ha caminado - he/she/you have(has) walked ___ellos/ellas/ustedes han caminado - they/you(pl.) have walked
haber tenido - to have had
yo he tenido - I have had________________________nosotros hemos tenido - we have had
tú has tenido - you have had_____________________vosotros habéis tenido - you(pl.) have had
él/ella/usted ha tenido - he/she/you have(has) had ___ellos/ellas/ustedes han tenido - they/you(pl.) have had
Pluperfect preterit
This is basically the same past tense as listed above, only further in the past (like English "I had gone" and "I'd had"). It is formed the same way as the perfect preterit, but uses the imperfect preterit tense of haber.
EX:
haber caminado - to have walked
yo había caminado - I had walked________________________nosotros habíamos caminado - we had walked
tú habías caminado - you had walked_____________________vosotros habíais caminado - you(pl.) had walked
él/ella/usted había caminado - he/she/you had walked _______ellos/ellas/ustedes habían caminado - they/you(pl.) had walked
haber tenido - to have had
yo había tenido - I'd had________________________nosotros habíamos tenido - we'd had
tú habías tenido - you'd had_____________________vosotros habíais tenido - you(pl.)'d had
él/ella/usted había tenido - he/she/you'd had _______ellos/ellas/ustedes habían tenido - they/you(pl.)'d had
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Posted: Sun May 06, 2007 12:23 am
Whoo, yeah. xD
Okay, after writing out and erasing two posts on this because I just made it confusing I think I've found the key to "cuál". Put simply, you use "cuál" as "which" when the options the answer is among or the category it's in are acknowledged, and "qué" as "which" when they aren't (and therefore you need to name them.) Ex:
#1: *unas chicas mirando vestidos en una tienda* -¿Cuál te gusta más?
#2: *las mismas, luego por teléfono* -Bueno, ¿Qué vestido te gustó más?
If you want to specify options/cateogory you can also use "cuál de + *opt./cat.*" but it often can sound unnatural, so I think it's better to stick to the former and with practice, you'll know when anyway. xB
Pronouns...uh, I'll try. <.< >.> I need you to tell me what dative verbs are, though, because when I first came across the existance of Dativ learning German and apart from this being my first year in it, I'm not good at that either. Yet... ninja XD;;
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Eccentric Iconoclast Vice Captain
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Posted: Sun May 06, 2007 7:41 am
Dative verbs...as in, intransitive verbs? Intransitive verbs are verbs that can't take a direct object. They're not that important in Spanish, because Spanish is a nominative language...
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Posted: Sun May 06, 2007 8:54 am
That's why I type them up in OneNote first. xd
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Posted: Sun May 06, 2007 10:06 am
Question: are Spanish Ts and Ds dental, or more retroflex like English? They sound more dental to me. And how strongly aspirated are they?
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Posted: Sun May 06, 2007 11:45 am
Vajra B. Hairava Question: are Spanish Ts and Ds dental, or more retroflex like English? They sound more dental to me. And how strongly aspirated are they?
D ---> Dental and softer as well, I -think-. o3o
(Thanks, Eccentric [typo >3<] Iconoclast. xD)
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Eccentric Iconoclast Vice Captain
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Posted: Sun May 06, 2007 11:47 am
They're very dental. In fact, is pronounced /ð/ when in the middle of most words.
English and aren't retroflex! They're alveolar!
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Posted: Sun May 06, 2007 2:26 pm
Section 10 - Pronouns! Personal [subject] pronouns yo (I, me) tú (you [singular]) él (he, him) ella (she, her) usted (often abreviated as "ud." or "vd."; formal you [singular]) nosotros/as (we masculine or mixed/femenine) vosotros/as (you [plural] masculine or mixed/femenine; apparently exclusive of Castilian Spanish :0) ellos/as (they, them masculin or mixed/femenine) ustedes (formal you [plural]) They're used just like in English. n__n However, in Spanish the subject and direct object pronouns (I'll list them) can be omitted and in fact they usually are. For example, in English to say "I read" you need that "I" pronoun. In Spanish, you can say "leo" rather than "yo leo" because the person is implicit in the verbal form. Let's look at a couple examples: #1: Como fuera todos los fines de semana. ( eat out every weekend)
#2: Mi hermana es tonta, siempre me está molestando. (My sister is silly, she's always bothering me.)
#3: ¿Ustedes qué creen? (What do you [formal] think?)
Whoo! Look at the second example. Meeee~~ That's indirect object.
Indirect Object/Reflexive Pronouns
me (IO for yo)
te (IO for tú)
le (IO for él, ella, ud.)*
nos (IO for nosotros/as)
os (IO for vosotros/as)
les (IO for ellos/as, uds.)*
The indirect object pronoun goes right before the verb, and at the end of it when the verb's in infinitive. Examples:
#1: Mi madre quiere regalarme un poni. (My mother wants to give me a pony as a gift. [regalar = to give as a gift])
#2: Mañana te doy los apuntes en clase. (Tomorrow I [will] give you the notes in class.)
Reflexive pronouns would have in English translations such as "myself", "yourself", etc. and so at first it may not make much sense, but a lot of verbs in Spanish are (or can become) reflexive, sooo:
#1: ¿A qué hora os levantáis? (What time do you [pl.] get up [youselves]?)
#2: Tú te tienes que ir ya. (You have to go [yourself] now.)
[The second is a good example or a verb "ir" that initially isn't reflexive but often becomes so.]
Se
In addition, we have "se", which is an impersonal pronoun, added at the end of reflexive verbs, so that "dormir" (to sleep) becomes "dormirse" (to fall asleep [oneself]) and so on. As I said, it's an impersonal pronoun and it's used in passive sentences such as:
#1: Se dice que las hadas existen. (It is said that fairies exist)
#2: Se come muy bien en ese restaurante. (umm, I'm having trouble translating this sentence O_O help please Hawk, Eccentric Iconoclast?)
For our fellow Francophones and French learners, "se" is to Spanish what "on" is to French. n__n
Oh! I just remembered. Apart from impersonal, it's also the third person (singular and plural) and formal you (ud.) reflexive pronoun--->NOT "le"
Ex:
#1: Mi hermano se vistió muy elegante. (My brother dressed [himself] very smart.) [Hey, I have a question here myself, would it be "smart" or "smartly"? O3o]
Direct Object Pronouns
lo (->él)
la (->ella)
los (->ellos)
las (->ellas)
I English, I suppose you use "it". Hm, I don't think there's much that needs to be said about these, so I'll illustrate with examples and if you have questions, ask and I'll edit them in here if necessary. n__n Some interesting examples:
#1: Ayer le dí un hueso al perro. Creo que lo ha enterrdo. (Yesterday I gave a bone to the dog. I think it's buried it.)
[Watch the indirect object pronoun before the verb and the object itself AFTER the verb, in the first sentence. Watch that because it's really, really common. Also notice no subject pronoun in the second sentence...]
#2: No me gusta este libro, pero tengo que leérmelo para el colegio. (I don't like this book, but I have to read it for school.)
[Here notice: leer-me-lo; infinitive + IO...more like reflexive pronoun + direct object (I have to read it myself)
...
I have to go now. I hope this makes sense so far. I'll continue editing tomorrow.
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Posted: Sun May 06, 2007 3:29 pm
eek I didn't even have to look at the English after tha Spanish vocab to know what some of those meant! blaugh
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Posted: Sun May 06, 2007 4:29 pm
Eccentric Iconoclast They're very dental. In fact, is pronounced /ð/ when in the middle of most words.
English and aren't retroflex! They're alveolar!Oh yeah, your right. I can never remember that word, alveolar. Retroflex was the closest word that I could remember to say what I meant.
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Posted: Sun May 06, 2007 7:12 pm
Dative verbs in Spanish are like dative verbs in German: In German, a verb like geben (to give) is dative, so instead of saying Ich gebe ihn... (I give him...) you'd say Ich gebe ihm (I give to him...).
They're the Spanish verbs with which you use le (or se in some cases) instead of lo or la. Dar is dative so you use darle instead of darlo/la.
The thing is, most Spanish speakers know naturally which verbs you should use le with, and I don't. xp My teacher said that basically, dative 'le' verbs are ones that denote 'to' or 'for' someone. But I can never be too sure.
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Posted: Sun May 06, 2007 7:33 pm
Section 11 - The future tenses
There are a few ways to tell what will happen.
Future tense - ir a
This future tense is almost exactly on the same premise as how we say "I'm going to ____" etc. To form this future tense, use the present tense conjugations of ir, followed by 'a' and then the infinitive of future verb.
EX:
caminar - to walk
yo voy a caminar - I'm going to walk_______nosotros vamos a caminar - we're going to walk
tú vas a caminar - you're going to walk_____vosotros vais a caminar - you(pl.)'re going to walk
él va a caminar - he's going to walk_______ellos van a caminar - they're going to walk
Future tense II
This future tense is a simple tense formed by conjugation. It's even easier here, as these endings simply attach to the verb infinitive (without removing the -ar/-er/-ir).
These are the endings that attach to the infinitive:
yo é_______________nosotros emos
tú ás______________vosotros éis
él/ella/usted á_______ellos/ellas/ustedes án
EX:
caminar - to walk
yo caminaré - I will walk_______nosotros caminaremos - we will walk
tú caminarás - you will walk____vosotros caminaréis - you(pl.) will walk
él caminará - he will walk______ellos caminarán - they will walk
This works the same way with all three types of verbs.
Irregular verbs in the future tense
These verbs add the same endings as mentioned above, but they have irregular stems in the future tense. Here are the most common:
decir (to say, tell)_______________dir-
hacer (to do, make)_____________har-
poder (to be able/allowed)_______podr-
poner (to put, place)____________pondr-
saber (to know)________________sabr-
salir (to leave, go out)___________saldr-
tener (to have)_________________tendr-
venir (to come)_________________vendr-
haber (to have {aux.})___________habr-
EX:
tener - to have
yo tendré - I will have_______nosotros tendremos - we will have
tú tendrás - you will have____vosotros tendréis - you(pl.) will have
él tendrá - he will have______ellos tendrán - they will have
Future perfect tense
The future perfect tense is equivalent to the English way of saying "I will have _____ed" etc.
This tense is formed by using the future tense forms of haber followed by the past participle (remember the -ado/-ido?) of the verb to have been performed.
EX:
caminar - to walk
yo habré caminado - I will have walked_______nosotros habremos caminado - we will have walked
tú habrás caminado - you will have walked____vosotros habréis caminado - you(pl.) will have walked
él habrá caminado - he will have walked______ellos habrán caminado - they will have walked
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Posted: Mon May 07, 2007 1:57 pm
Yessssssss, this'll be a great help for my Spanish classsssssss....
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Posted: Mon May 07, 2007 2:59 pm
Hawk_McKrakken Dative verbs in Spanish are like dative verbs in German: In German, a verb like geben (to give) is dative, so instead of saying Ich gebe ihn... (I give him...) you'd say Ich gebe ihm (I give to him...). They're the Spanish verbs with which you use le (or se in some cases) instead of lo or la. Dar is dative so you use darle instead of darlo/la. The thing is, most Spanish speakers know naturally which verbs you should use le with, and I don't. xp My teacher said that basically, dative 'le' verbs are ones that denote 'to' or 'for' someone. But I can never be too sure. Spanish doesn't use a case system (like russian/german, etc.) or does it?
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Posted: Mon May 07, 2007 3:00 pm
Section 12 - The conditional tenses
Conditional tense
The conditional tense is based on... well, conditions. Like English "I would go if..." and that sort of thing. Also used a lot to make excuses. "Well I would go, but... uh... I've got things to do that day. Yeah."
Just like the future tense, this is formed by adding these endings to the infinitive of a verb without removing the -ar/-er/-ir:
yo ía_______________nosotros íamos
tú ías______________vosotros íais
él/ella/usted ía_______ellos/ellas/ustedes ían
EX:
caminar - to walk
yo caminaría - I would walk________nosotros caminaríamos - we would walk
tú caminarías - you would walk_____vosotros caminaríais - you(pl.) would walk
él caminaría - he would walk_______ellos caminarían - they would walk
Note: Verbs that have irregular stems in the future tense also use those same stems in the conditional tenses:
tener - to have
yo tendría - I would have________nosotros tendríamos - we would have
tú tendrías - you would have_____vosotros tendríais - you(pl.) would have
él tendría - he would have_______ellos tendrían - they would have
Conditional past tense
This is stating that you "would have" done something, rather than that you "would" do something. This is formed with the conditional forms of haber and the -ado/-ido past participle.
EX:
caminar - to walk
yo habría caminado - I would have walked________nosotros habríamos caminado - we would have walked
tú habrías caminado - you would have walked_____vosotros habríais caminado - you(pl.) would have walked
él habría caminado - he would have walked_______ellos habrían caminado - they would have walked
tener - to have
yo habría tenido - I would have had________nosotros habríamos tenido - we would have had
tú habrías tenido - you would have had_____vosotros habríais tenido - you(pl.) would have had
él habría tenido - he would have had_______ellos habrían tenido - they would have had
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