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 Posted: Mon Jun 29, 2009 11:55 am
" Two forms of government remained fairly uncommon before modern times: the republic and democracy. Often thought to be identical, the two can actually be substantially different. A republic (From the Latin term res publica, meaning "Public thing") is a state in which all or most adult citizens (generally, until recently, only males) play some rolls in government. However, the republican form of government does not guarantee that all citizens will play an equal role in government. For example, the votes of a republic's upper class may count for more than those of lower classes (as in ancient Rome). Or members of the lower classes may be allowed to vote but bot to run for office. Unlike a republic, a democracy grants more or less equal political rights and opportunities to all adult citizens, that is, until the modern era, all adult male citizens(The word comes from the Greek phrase for "Rule by the many"). It is possible for a republic to be fully democratic rebulic). One of the very few democracies to exist before the modern age was the Greek city-state Athens. "
18/50
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Posted: Mon Jun 29, 2009 12:11 pm
"A government dominated by a religious elite is known as a theocracy. So like church and state. Nations (also nation-states or countries0 are states run by centralized governments and united by uniform legal systems and a sense of common national identity. Generally, a nation-state's population (or majority of he population ) shares a common Language, ethnicity, religion, and cultural heritage. Not all societies are nation-states in the modern, technical sense. Especially during the ancient period and even after, states tended to be less centralized, and they were thought of as a monarch's personal property. The concept of nationhood is a relatively modern phenomenon." Lavi went on, it was now nearly mid day.
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Posted: Mon Jun 29, 2009 12:15 pm
"Wow that's cool I guess Hey Lavi can we eat lunch now? I'm starving." Th boy stopped and pulled out his water. Lavi watched and sighed it was a little early but he was feeling hungry himself.
"K turn around I've got to get the sandwiches from your pack." Lavi spun the little boy and open his back, pulling two sandwiches from the back pack he handed on to Raine, along with a juice box from his own pack. They sat and ate for a while in silence. When they were done, Lavi collected their garbage and threw it into his pack. "On with the journey!"
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Posted: Mon Jun 29, 2009 12:19 pm
"Hmm okay, so next is Slavery. One of the human society's most shameful institutions is the ownership of human beings by other human beings, or slavery. Until comparatively recently (The 1802) slavery was widespread. IN some parts of the world, it still exists today. Before and around 600 c.e. (And long afterward), most economic activities reliant on it." He said looking down at Raine, who seemed a bit distraught.
"You can't own people!" he said a bit angrily.
"I know that's the point Raine."
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Posted: Mon Jun 29, 2009 12:26 pm
"Slaves preformed a number of unctions. These were divided mainly into house-hold tasks and hard labor (especially jobs associated with construction or agriculture0. Questions such as the severity of slaves' treatment, the length of the service, and the degree to which the had legal rights or protections depended on the laws and customs of each society."
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Posted: Mon Jun 29, 2009 12:29 pm
"People fell into slaveery in many ways. Some were prisoners of war or captives taken during raids into enemy territory. Some were debtors who ere sold- or sold themselves- into slavery. Slaves were sometimes kidnapped or press into service by force. in some societies, slave status was hereditary, passed on from parent to child." Lavi went on and kicked a few rock as the traveled. The path became barely anything but a small dirt trail weaving through the brush. It seemed almost endless. The heat of noon was growing on them and Lavi took off his coat. Tieing it around his waste for the time being.
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Posted: Mon Jun 29, 2009 12:33 pm
" Trade in slave labor went on in almost every major society. Regional networks grew up around the globe for the exchange of slaves. Prior to 1000 c.e. particularly important slave markets appeared in the Mediterranean, Africa, China and the far East, and the Arab world. FRom the 1400s through the 1800s, Europeans and Americans transported millions of slaves form Africa to North and South America. This Atlantic slave trade is in famous."
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Posted: Mon Jun 29, 2009 12:37 pm
"An institution similar to slavery existed in many times and places- serfdom. in serf-holding societies, the majority of a country's peasants would be unfree. Serfs were not technically slaves. They had more freedoms and protections than slaves (who were seen in most law codes simply as property). Still, serfs were bound to the land's owner. Whether or not they had theoretical legal protections, serfs were, in real life, often vulnerable to many of the same abuses that slaves were. In some parts of Europe (especially Russia), serfdom persisted until the 1800s. "
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Posted: Mon Jun 29, 2009 12:40 pm
The sun was high above the boys heads and the heat beat down upon them. "Let's move on to War. Regrettably, one of the most-if not THE most- straightforward modes of human interconnection is war. Exactly when humans began to engage in organized violence is unknown. Most scholars speculate that combat emerged among hunter-gatherer societies during the Stone Age, growing out of the cooperative effects needed to track and kill large animals." He took another drink from the water bottle and looked at the endless road in front of them.
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Posted: Mon Jun 29, 2009 12:43 pm
"FRom the beginning, wars were fought for a variety of reasons. These included competition over resources such as hunting grounds, water sources, and livestock. fear and hatred of other groups caused conflicts, as did the desire for captives to use as slaves or forced labor." Raine found it fascinating and a bit disturbing. He watched his feet as they went.
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Posted: Mon Jun 29, 2009 12:49 pm
"During the stone Age, few if any societies maintained any type of professional organization. Instead of forming armies, hunter-gatherer and herding societies assigned the responsibility for fighting to all of most able-bodied males. However, during the Bronze Age, the character of warfare changed. The advent of agriculture, the increase permanency of farming communities, and the rise of cities made it possible and necessary to create a specialized class of soldiers for the protection of a civilization's territory and property. Improved metallurgical techniques gave these new soldiers better weapons and armor."
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Posted: Mon Jun 29, 2009 12:53 pm
"Therefore, by the 300s and 200s bce. sizable and well-organized armies, led by profession generals and officers, had begun to appear in many parts of the world, especially the ancient Middle East and China. Military skills and equipment increased in sophistication and complexity. From the Bronze Age onward, War became a driving force in world history- and one of the most striking, most important ways in which societies, over the course of centuries, have interacted."
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Posted: Mon Jun 29, 2009 12:57 pm
"Lavi, that's depressing." he said kicking a rock out into the endless sage brush. When the found an oddly big bush, the boys decided to take a break in the shade beneath it. The cool place gave them time to crack open new water bottles and eat some snacks. "How long have we been walking now Lavi?" Raine asked, it wasn't that he was whining, he just wanted to know how long it had been.
"Ah I'm pretty sure about 3 or more hours. I imagine we'll get there in about two more." he said, which was good he could continue teaching the entire way there! His throught was a bit dry though from all the talking. He didn't want to admit it, but the older boy was excited as well to reach Sunagakure.
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Posted: Mon Jun 29, 2009 1:17 pm
"Since you don't like War and Slavery, let's switch to trade. I was done with that section anyway though. Trade is a powerful motivator of interaction between societies, which is the exchange of goods. From prehistory onward, human communities have found it mutually beneficial to buy, sell, or barter resources with each other. Trade takes place within societies, bringing cities, villages, and rural communities into closer contact. Societies also trade with other societies, creating connections and interdependencies throughout large areas of the world."
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Posted: Mon Jun 29, 2009 1:23 pm
"As long as the economic terms are relatively fair and equal, trade generally leades to increased prosperity or advantages for all parties. Economic relationships also stimulate the exchange of ideas, information, and cultural practices between civilizations. In many cases, healthy economic relationships between societies and states have helped to preserve peace. Conversely, disputes over trade have frequently led to hostility, even war. In times of conflict or disagreement, it it common for enemies to attempt to deprive each other of the ability to trade, either by means of blockade or sanctions (refusing to trade with a society.)" Raine listened carefully to this, he though about trading in the village and how people brought supplies in from other places all the time.
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