This is one thing I do know about - nouns, gender and pluralization and all that junk. I guess I'll just put this here because... people are getting restless and starting to lose faith in the whole language of the month thing because of this kinda thing.
Section 2 - Nouns, gender, pluralization and articles
Two genders in Italian - masculine and feminine:
- Nouns ending in O are usually masculine
- Nouns ending in A are usually feminine
- Nouns ending in TÀ and ZIONE and are feminine
(there might be more, but I haven't studied
that far into it)
And of course, there are always exceptions, like la mano ("hand," feminine), il programma ("program," masculine), etc.
ArticlesThere are actually quite a few different articles, so here they are, and I'll also explain when to use each:
Definite articles (the)Masculine articlesil {singular} - used before cosonants (ex:
il ragazzo - "the boy")
l' {singular} - used before vowels (ex:
l'uccello - "the bird")
lo {singular} - used before Z, GN or S + another consonant (ex:
lo scarafaggio - "the cockroach")
i {plural} - used before consonants (ex:
i gatti - "the cats")
gli {plural} - used before vowels, Z, GN or S + another consonant (ex:
gli orsi - "the bears",
gli scorpioni - "the scorpions")
Feminine articlesla {singular} - used before consonants (ex:
la donna - "the woman")
l' {singular} - used before vowels (ex:
l'armata - "the armada")
le {plural} - used before consonants and vowels (ex:
le rane - "the frogs",
le aquile - "the eagles")
Indefinite articles (a/an)Masculine articlesun {singular} - used before consonants and vowels (ex:
un uomo - "a man",
un glas - "a glass")
uno {singular} - used before Z, GN, or S + another consonant (ex:
uno zio - "an uncle")
dei {plural} - used before consonants (ex:
dei cani - "some dogs")
degli {plural} - used before vowels, Z, GN, or S + another consonant (ex:
degli uomini - "some men",
degli sport - "some sports")
Feminine articlesuna {singular} - used before consonants (ex:
una farfalla - "a butterfly")
un' {singular} - used before vowels (ex:
un'alba - "a dawn")
delle {plural} - used before consonants and vowels (ex:
delle mele - "some apples",
delle uve - "some grapes")
Demonstrative articles (this/that)Masculine articlesquesto/quel {singular} - used before consonants (ex:
questo ragno - "this spider",
quel ragno - "that spider")
quest'/quell' {singular} - used before vowels (ex:
quest'oro - "this gold",
quell'oro - "that gold")
questi/quei {plural} - used before consonants (ex:
questi vino - "this wine",
quei vino - "that wine")
questi/quegli {plural} - used before vowels (ex:
questi universi - "these universes",
quegli universi - "those universes")
Feminine articlesquesta/quella {singular} - used before consonants (ex:
questa birra - "this beer",
quella birra - "that beer")
quest'/quell' {singular} - used before a vowel (ex:
quest'acqua - "this water",
quell'acqua - "that water")
queste/quelle {plural} - used before vowels and consonants (ex:
queste sorelle - "these sisters",
quelle sorelle - "those sisters")
PluralizationTo pluralize nouns normally, remove the ending vowel (if any) and add -i to all masculine verbs and all feminine nouns ending in -e, and add -e to all feminine nouns not ending in -e.
EX:
il ragazzo (the boy) - i ragazzi (the boys)
la ragazza (the girl) - le ragazze (the girls)
il programa (the program) - i programi (the programs)
la complicazione (the complication) - le complicazioni (the complications)
Nouns ending in an accented vowel don't change in the plural:
la libertà (the liberty) - le libertà (the liberties)
la città (the city) - le città (the cities)
All feminine nouns ending in ca/ga need to add -he instead of -e, so that pronunciation is reserved. I can't think of any examples, though.
-hi is also usually added to masculine nouns ending in -co/go for the same reason, but there are some exceptions that
don't add the extra H. Can't think of any examples there, either.
Some irregular pluralizations:
la mano (the hand) - le mani (the hands)
l'uomo (the man) - gli uomini (the men)
il dio (the god) - gli dei (the gods)