1. Mary Elizabeth Lease: Known to friends as “The people’s Joan of Arc” and to her enemies as the “Kansas Pythoness.” She studied law by pining notes above her washtub and reading as she washed the cloths, she had 5 kids and was married at 20. In 1885 she became the first woman to be admitted to the Kansas bar and an ardent activist. And joined the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, as well as the Farmers’ Alliance, she became a spokes person for the Populist party, spoke out for down trotted farmers and laborers. She later ran for us senate but damaged her party’s fortune by refusing to unite with the democrats opposition to big business and political corruption. More an agitator than a practical politician, by 1896 Lease had become alienated from the Populist Party, and thereafter she turned to personal interests. She divorced her husband in 1902 and spent the rest of her life with one or another of her children in the East until her death in 1933.
2. The differences between democrats and republicans: Republicans are for the most part a conservative party, they tend to favor change that will reincorporate the past to the present and future in essence confronting a current problem using a old method. Democrats are for the most part a liberal party they favor change that is incorporates new ideas essentially thinking of new ways of dealing the problems at hand. The democratic party appeals toward the working man unlike the republican party that is geared toward the interest’s of big business.
3. Stalwarts, Half breads , and Mugwumps: Internal disputes split the republican and democratic parts in to different fractions, among the republicans the Stalwarts who worked for the spoils system rivaled against the Half breeds. The Half-Breeds worked to get civil service reform, and finally created the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. Stalwarts favored traditional machine politics and patronage. The Mugwumps were a political movement comprising Republicans who supported Democratic candidate.
4. Missionaries, objectives and accomplishments: Fist intending to teach native Americans about the bible but soon turned their attention over seas as the 19th century progressed. American missionaries altered the educational climate in 7 countries in Syria they opened the American university of Beirut. The school soon developed departments of medicine, pharmacy and commerce. Its nursing program was one of the few places were middle eastern women could reserve technical training. Missionary efforts also sparked interest in Arabic literature their use of Arabic printing presses to translate the bible advanced the mass production of books for the middle east. In Africa almost all leaders of independent African states had been thought at schools founded by European and American missionaries. By 1890 there were 100 missionary physicians in china who brought American medical techniques to china.
5. ICC, objectives: ICC or interstate commerce commission was the nations fist regulatory agency to investigate railroad rate-making methods and issue cease and desist orders against illegal practices.
6. Lynchings why and statistics: Between 1889 and 1909 over 17hundread blacks were hung mostly in southern states were the whites felt threatened by an influx of immigrant blacks.
7. IDA B. Wells: A teacher in an African American school, reacted by establishing an anti-lynching newspaper. She urged local blacks to move west and fled to England but returned and wrote A Red Record which tabulated statistics on racial Lynchings. And served as a foundation for further protests.
8. Sen. A. A. Sargent’s proposal and why it was rejected: Republican Sen. A. A. Sargent of California introduced a proposal in the Senate to give women the right to vote. The proposal was defeated four times in the Democratic-controlled Senate. When the Republican Party regained control of Congress, the Equal Suffrage Amendment finally passed (304-8 . Only 16 Republicans opposed the amendment.
9. Populism: Populism is a political philosophy or rhetorical style that holds that the common person's interests are oppressed or hindered by the elite in society, and that the instruments of the state need to be grasped from this self-serving elite and used for the benefit and advancement of the people as a whole.
10. Karl Marx and ideas: Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818, Trier, Germany – March 14, 1883, London, England) was an immensely influential philosopher from Germany, a political economist, and a socialist revolutionary. While Marx addressed a wide range of issues, he is most famous for his analysis of history in terms of class struggles, summed up in the opening line of the introduction to the Communist Manifesto: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles." The legacy of Marx's thought is bitterly contested between numerous tendencies who claim to be Marx's most accurate interpreters, including Marxism-Leninism, Trotskyism, Maoism, and libertarian Marxism.
11. Eugene V. Debs: He was an American labor and political leader, one of the founders of the international labor union the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and five-time Socialist Party of America candidate for President of the United States.
12. Jacob Coxey’s petition in boots: Coxey believed that the government should aid debtors by issuing $500 Million of paper money making lower interest loans to pay local governments and using the loaned money to pay the unemployed to build roads other public works.
13. Free silver: To members of populist party free coinage of silver would be an end to the special privileges for the rich, they believed it would return government to the people. And pull the common man out of dept.
14. A Nation of Inconsistencies : True to Mary Lease’s characterization the US. Continued to be a “Nation of Inconsistencies,” those of who supported disfranchisement of African American and continued to discriminate against blacks and women still polluted politics nor did the system tolerate radical views like those of Coxey, or Populists.
15. The wizard of Oz meaning: some people were tempted to try and find hidden meanings in the story, in 1964 one scholar Henry M. Littlefield, asserted that Baum Really intended to write a populist parable about the conditions of overburdened farmers and laborers. proclaiming that Dorothy symbolized the well intentioned common person; the scarecrow represented the struggling farmer. And referenced the tin man to industrial worker hoping for a better life these friends along with the cowardly Lion (William J. Bryan), fallowed the yellow brick road (the gold standard) that led them nowhere.
The wizard was a typical polition who tried to be every thing to the people but Dorothy reveals him as a fake and is able to return to her simple Kansas farm family by clicking the heals of her originally silver slippers that symbolized the coinage of silver. (the movie made them red)
16. Florence Kelley: Florence Kelley, the daughter of United States congressman, William D. Kelley, was born on 12th September, 1859. She studied at Cornell University and the University of Zurich. While in Europe she became a follower of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Over the next few years she worked on an English translation of Engel's The Conditions of the Working Class in England and this was eventually published in the United States in 1887.Kelley married a fellow member of the Socialist Labor Party, the Polish-Russian physician, Lazare Wischnewetzky and moved to New York City. The marriage was not a success because he beat her and in December 1891 she left him and moved to Chicago with her three children. Soon after arriving in the city she joined Jane Addams, Ellen Gates Starr, Alzina Stevens, Mary McDowell, Edith Abbott, Grace Abbott, Julia Lathrop, Alice Hamilton, Sophonisba Breckinridge and other social reformers at Hull House.
17. Muckrakers: A muckraker is a journalist, author or filmmaker who investigates and exposes political or societal corruption. Many literary minds of the late 1800's began to consider the corruption and exploitation involving large companies. Naturally, they put their talents to work, most often using fiction based on fact, but sometimes writing straight documentaries. The term "Muckrakers" was coined by Theodore Roosevelt in reference to their ability to uncover "dirt."
18. Opponents of Progressivism and why: It would be a mistake to assume that a progressive spirit captured all of American society between 1895 and 1920. Defenders of free enterprise opposed regulatory measures, believing that government programs undermined the individual initiative and competition central to a free-market system.
19. Fighting Bob and his accomplishments: Was an American politician who served as a U.S. Congressman, the 20th Governor of Wisconsin from 1901 – 1906 making Wisconsin a modal progressive state (hence the Wisconsin idea), and Senator from Wisconsin from 1905 - 1925 as a member of the Republican Party. He ran for President of the United States as the nominee of his own Progressive Party in the 1924 elections, carrying Wisconsin and 17% of the national popular vote. He is best remembered as an exponent of Progressivism and for fighting bossism. In 1957, a committee led by Senator John F. Kennedy selected Bob as one of five of their greatest Senate predecessors and was considered to be one of the best Governors in American history.
20. Russian temperance: Russians linked alcohol to deficiencies in strength and valor, believing that the excessive drinking of Russian soldiers led to Russia losing the war with Japan in 1905. In 1914 Czar Nicholas II decreed nationwide prohibition fallowing a 27 year effort launched when author Leo Tolstoy started a temperance society. Americans feared the moral and economic consequences of drunkenness and five years after the Russians the American temperance secured a nationwide prohibition in 1919.
21. John Dewey’s Beliefs: Philosopher John Dewey asserted that in modern education personal development should be the focus of the curriculum. He stressed that education should involve real life problems and that children should be taught to use ingenuity to control their environments.
22. Eugenics and it’s results: Eugenics is a social philosophy which advocates the improvement of human hereditary traits through various forms of intervention with the idea that human character could be inherited this idea focused on selective breeding, (in short stupid people will make stupid babies) In 1907 India enacted the country’s first statute permitting forced sterilization of confirmed criminals, idiots and, imbeciles and rapists. This idea of genetic interiority in America targeted immigrants and minorities. Eugenics believed that it was society’s obligation to prevent the mentally defective and criminally inclined from breading. Thus many people including some progressives, wanted new laws to curtail the influx of eastern and southern Europeans as well as Asians. In the 1920’s restrictive legislation did just that.
23. Dubois “twoness”: W.E.B. DuBois believed African Americans are born from two cultures and have two different souls: one African, the other American. African-American intellectual W.E.B. DuBois called this his "twoness," his dual identity, his being a part of two different cultures, two different states of being. The use of two names is a way of remembering who he and his ancestors were and who he and his family are today.
24. Differences between the woman’s movement and Feminism: Around 1910 some of those concerned with women’s place in society began using the term feminism to represent their ideas whereas the woman movement spoke of duty and moral purity, feminist emphasized rights and self development.
25. Margaret Sanger’s crusade: An American birth control activist, an advocate of certain aspects of eugenics, and the founder of the American Birth Control League (which eventually became Planned Parenthood). Initially meeting with fierce opposition to her ideas, Sanger gradually won the support of the public and the courts for a woman's choice to decide how and when she will bear children. Though her tentative support of eugenics was less well received, Margaret Sanger was instrumental in opening the way to universal access to birth control.
26. The jungle and it’s results: In 1906 when Upton Sinclair published the jungle a fictionalized expose the highly unhealthy processes in meatpacking by Chicago meatpacking plants. After reading the book Roosevelt ordered an investigation of the Chicago meatpacking plants. Once the results of the investigation proved Sinclair’s gruesome descriptions to be true. Roosevelt directed his support to the meat inspection act of 1906. The ordeal also sparked The pure food and drug act of 1906.
27. The wise use policy Gifford: He was the first Chief of the United States Forest Service (1905-1910) and the Republican Governor of Pennsylvania He is famous for reforming the management and development of forests in the United States, and for advocating conservation of the nation's forest reserves by planned use and renewal. He was a Progressive who strongly believed in the Efficiency Movement. The most economically efficient use of natural resources was his goal; waste was his great enemy he advocated wise use of resources.
28. F.T.C. Clayton act.: The F.T.C. established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act. It's principal mission is the promotion of consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of anticompetitive business practices. the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 was enacted to remedy deficiencies in antitrust law created under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 that allowed corporations to dissolve labor unions.The Act is enforced by the Federal Trade Commission and the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice, labor unions and agricultural organizations. Therefore, boycotts, peaceful strikes, and peaceful picketing are not regulated by this statute. Injunctions could be used to settle labor disputes only when property damage was threatened.
29. Louis Brandeis: was an American litigator, Supreme Court Justice, advocate of privacy, and developer of the Brandeis Brief. In addition, he helped lead the American Zionist movement.Justice Brandeis was appointed by Woodrow Wilson to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1916 (sworn-in on June 5), and served until 1939. Many were surprised that Wilson (son of a Christian minister) would appoint to the highest court in the land the very first Jewish Supreme Court Justice.Besides his educational record, Brandeis had for some years been a contributor to the progressive wing of the United States Democratic Party, and had published a noted book in support of competition rather than monopoly in business. And President Wilson, who believed deeply that government must be a moral force for good, responded to similar sentiments in the thought and writings of Brandeis.
30. Progressive successes: The progressives achieved their greatest and most enduring successes in the effort to make governments more democratic. Many progressives hoped to make American governments better able to serve the people's needs by making governmental operations and services more efficient and rational. Since progressive reform had such a long list it effected society on many levels. On a national level the Regulation of Large Corporations and the ending of most types of Monopolies and the trust busting Wilson’s promise to dissolve concentrations and legislate open competition. At state and Local levels Reformers pursued causes varied as neighborhood improvement, government reorganization, public ownership of utilities and better working conditions. On a social level though still confined to social positions new consciousness about the identity of women and blacks had made some inroad to public life.
31. Exceptionalism: Has been historically referred to as the perception that the United States differs qualitatively from other developed nations, because of its unique origins, national credo, historical evolution, and distinctive political and religious institutions. The term was first used by Alexis de Tocqueville in 1831
32. Male Ethos: For decades, the western scientific establishment had classified human kind by race and students of physical anthropology drew on phrenology to produce a hierarchy of superior and inferior races.
33. Alfred T. Mahan and Navalism: He was appointed commander of the new United States Naval War College in 1886, where in 1887 he met and befriended a young visiting lecturer named Theodore Roosevelt. During this period Mahan organized his lectures into his most influential books, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783, and The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793-1812, published 1890 and 1892, respectively. The books lectured on Navalism-the idea that a strong navy equals a strong country.
34. Jose Marti and Reconcentration: Jose Marti was a leader of the Cuban independence movement as well as a renowned poet and writer. He is considered the Cuban people's National hero. He is often referred to as the Apostle of Cuban Independence.
reconcentration policy which was designed basically to deny the insurgents, the support of the rural civilian population. And they see this as key partly because the army is essentially a rural army and they have a lot of support in the countryside. Not unanimously and everywhere in the region, but definitely in eastern Cuba and portions of western Cuba, the aim of the policy is to gather civilian people not involved in the army who are living in the countryside and put them into towns, where their services would not be available to the Cuban rebels.
35. Reasons for the Spanish American war: Imperialism, Spain cedes the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the United States for $20 million after the war. Many farmers and business men believed that ejecting Spain would open new markets for surplus production . Revenge for the sinking of the Maine because Americans thought that the Spanish sank it. Americans also sympathized with Cuba because Cuba was at war for its independence.
36. Anti-imperialist and their arguments: Many Anti-imperialists thought that Americans were being corrupted by the Imperialist zeal. Some argued that the united states was practicing a double standard offering liberty to Cubans and cramming it down the throats of the Filipinos wile standing on the necks of the black people. And still others argued that annexing people of color would under mind white supremacy at home. Samuel Gompers said that the new colonials might be imported as cheep labor there by driving down American wages.
37. Emilio Aguinaldo: He was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. He played an instrumental role in the Philippine Revolution against Spain, as well as the Philippine-American War in opposition to American occupation. In the Philippines, Aguinaldo is treated as the country's first and the youngest Philippine President, though his government failed to obtain any foreign recognition.
38. The Philippine insurrection: The Spanish-American War ended in December 1898, ending the Spanish hold on Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. The Filipinos thought that we were freeing them from Spanish hold like we did Cuba, they thought we were going to give them independence but instead Spain sold the Philippines to the United States and we took them as a new colony. They were pissed and the Filipinos revolted An estimated 200,000 to 1,000,000 Filipino civilians were killed, with 16,000 Filipino killed in action. By contrast, only 4,200 American soldiers were killed.
39. Spheres of Influence: The major powers took advantage of weakness and carved out spheres of influence (regions over and exclusive commercial privileges): Germany in Shandong; Russian in Manchuria; France in Yunnan and Hainan; Britain in Kowloon and Hong Kong.
40. The open door policy and the boxer rebellion: The Open Door Policy is a concept in foreign affairs, which states that in principle that nationals of all countries should have equal commercial and industrial rights when trading with a certain nation. boxer rebellion was a Chinese rebellion from November 1899 to September 7, 1901 against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China during the final years of the Qing Dynasty.
41. Characteristics of Teddy Roosevelt: Attention whore, Avid reader, intelligent but puts his physical strength above intellect but he his personality was vary well liked.
42. Roosevelt’s views of the public opinion: Roosevelt sought to centralize foreign policy in the white house, he believed that he could and should lead foreign relations as he did domestic priorities. Congress was too big and unwieldy, and he saw the public opinion as “The voice of the devil,” or what is still worse the voice of the fool.
43. Panama canal: A major ship canal that traverses the Isthmus of Panama in Central America, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Construction of the canal was one of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken. It has had an enormous impact on shipping between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, obviating the long and treacherous route via the Drake Passage and Cape Horn at the southernmost tip of South America.
44. Roosevelt Corollary: The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine was a substantial alteration (called an "amendment" wink of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. In its altered state, the Monroe Doctrine would now consider Latin America as an agency for expanding U.S. commercial interests in the region, along with its original stated purpose of keeping European hegemony from the hemisphere.
45. Why Puerto Rico Rejected state hood: Puerto Ricans have rejected state hood because the fear it would mean forfeiting their Latin American culture and Spanish language.
46. Outbreak of WWI: The events of July and early August 1914 are a classic case of "one thing led to another" - otherwise known as the treaty alliance system. The explosive that was World War One had been long in the stockpiling; the spark was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. Ferdinand's death at the hands of the Black Hand, a Serbian nationalist secret society, set in train a mindlessly mechanical series of events that culminated in the world's first global war.
47. Peace Advocates/ Jeannette Rankin: As the U.S. became more involved in the war, the public urged Wilson to keep the peace. The women’s peace party formed in early 1915, the women’s international league for peace and freedom. Later that year pacifist progressives organized the Anti-war American union Against Militarism. Business men such as Andrew Carnegie and Henry Ford gave money to peace efforts as did socialists such as Eugene Debs. Advocates said that war drained a country of its youth, resources and reform impulse. Jeannette Rankin, the first woman in congress cast a ringing “NO” vote for principle, for morality, for honor, for commerce, for security, for reform—for all these reasons , Wilson took the U.S. to war.
48. 3 69th Infantry / C.O.’s: Ultimately over 42,000 blacks would see combat in Europe, The 369th Infantry was one of the several black units that served with the distinction in the French army. The 369th spent more time in the trenches—191 days—and received more metals than any other American outfit. C.O.’s or conscientious Objectors were those who refused to fight on religious or pacifistic reasons.
49. Poison gas, shell shock, and Special houses: First used by the Germans in 1915, chorine gas stimulated overproduction of fluid in the lungs, leading to death by drowning. Gas in various forms would continue in use through out the war sometimes blistering some times incapacitating, often killing. A form of mental illness called shell shock and other wise known as war psychosis struck many soldiers after arriving on the French front. Symptoms included: a fixed empty stare, violent tremors, paralyzed limbs, listless, jabbering, screaming, and haunting dreams. In Paris the spread of VD became so bad that the French Prime Minster issued licensed inspections of “Special houses”.
50. 14 Points: The Fourteen Points were listed in a speech delivered by President Woodrow Wilson of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress on January 8, 1918. In his speech, Wilson intended to set out a blueprint for lasting peace in Europe after World War I. The idealism displayed in the speech gave Wilson a position of moral leadership among the Allies, and encouraged the Central Powers to surrender. The speech was delivered over 10 months before the Armistice with Germany ended World War I, but the Fourteen Points became the basis for the terms of the German surrender, as negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 and documented in the Treaty of Versailles. However, only four of the points were adopted completely in the post-war reconstruction of Europe, and the United States Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.
51. Bernard Baruch: During World War I he advised President Woodrow Wilson on national defense, during which time he became the chairman of the War Industries Board. His personal stenographer (a person who takes dictation) was the unknown teenager Billy Rose. At the war's conclusion he was seen with President Wilson at the Versailles Peace Conference. He supported numerous Democratic Congressmen with $1000 annual campaign donations, and became a popular figure on Capitol Hill. He never ran for elective office. Every election season he would contribute from $100 to $1000 to numerous Democratic candidates (usually incumbents he knew well).Under President Franklin D. Roosevelt's "New Deal" Baruch was a member of the "Brain Trust" and helped form the NRA.
52. The Influenza Pandemic of 1918: The Spanish Flu Pandemic (less misleadingly called the 1918 flu pandemic) was a pandemic in 1918 and 1919 caused by an unusually severe and deadly strain of the subtype H1N1 of the species Influenza A virus (which apparently killed via cytokine storm, explaining the severe nature and unusual age distribution). In the 18 months of the pandemic, 50 million to 100 million people worldwide were killed. Despite not having originated in Spain, the Allies of World War I came to call it the "Spanish Flu". This was mainly because the pandemic received greater press attention in Spain than in the rest of the world.
53. Gorge Creel, Statistics: George Creel was an investigative journalist, a politician, and, most famously, the head of the United States Committee on Public Information, a propaganda organization created by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. Creel gathered the nation's artists and created thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures promoting the War. He also gathered support from choirs, social clubs, and religious institutions to join "The Worlds Greatest Adventure In Advertising." He recruited about 75,000 "Four Minute Men," who spoke about the War at social events for an ideal length of four minutes, considering that the average human attention span was judged at the time to be four minutes. They covered the draft, rationing, bond drives, victory gardens and why we are fighting. These men thereby helped to maintain the nation's morale. It was estimated that by the end of the war, they had made more than 7.5 million speeches to 314 million people.
54. Espionage and Sedition acts: The Sedition Act was an attempt by the United States government to limit “freedom of speech,” in-so-much-as that “freedom of speech” related to the criticism of the government during war. The Espionage Act made it a crime to help wartime enemies of the United States, but the Sedition Act made it a crime to utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the United States' form of government.
55. Comintern, origin of “reds”: The Comintern was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the "war communism" period (1918-1921), by Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), which intended to fight "by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State. Terrified conservatives sought out pro-Bolshevik sympathizers or Reds named so after the red flag used by the communists.
56. Palmer raids: The Palmer Raids were a series of controversial raids by the U.S. Justice and Immigration Departments from 1918 to 1921 on the radical left in the United States. The raids are named for Alexander Mitchell Palmer, United States Attorney General under Woodrow Wilson. The crackdown on radical left-wing political groups had actually begun during World War I. After a series of bomb attacks of court buildings, police stations, churches and homes tied to violent immigrant anarchist groups, the Department of Justice and its small Bureau of Investigation (BOI) (predecessor to the FBI) had begun to track their activities with the approval of President Woodrow Wilson. In 1915, Wilson himself warned of "hyphenated Americans who have poured the poison of disloyalty into the very arteries of our national life. Such creatures of passion, disloyalty and anarchy must be crushed out."
57. The Balfour Declaration: The Balfour Declaration of 1917: An official letter from the British Foreign Office headed by Arthur Balfour, the UK's official Foreign Secretary (from December 1916 to October 1919), to Lord Rothschild, who was seen as a representative of the Jewish people. The letter stated that the British government "viewed with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country".
58. The Kingpin of the League, Germany gave up, covenant: Woodrow Wilson’s supreme goal in World War I was to broker an effective and lasting peace. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, he fought hard, but was not able to incorporate his Fourteen Points in the treaty. He did, however, make sure the League of Nations was an inextricable part of the final agreement. He hoped that once the League was established, it could rectify the treaty's many shortcomings. Of the treaty’s 440 articles, the first twenty-six comprise the Covenant of the League of Nations. This covenant describes the operational workings of the League. Article Ten which Wilson defined as the "kingpin" obliges signatories to guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all member nations against outside aggression, and to consult together to oppose aggression when it occurs. German representatives at first refused to sign the punitive treaty but submitted in 1919. They gave up 13% of Germany's territory, 10% of its population, all of its colonies, and a huge portion of its national wealth.
59. Henry Cabot Lodge: Was an American statesman and Republican politician, and noted historian. He was one of four Republicans to rotate in the office of Senate president pro tempore from 1911-1913, holding the seat for just one day. As chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee he led the successful fight against American participation in the League of Nations proposed by President Woodrow Wilson at the close of World War I. He also served as chairman of the Senate Republican Conference from 1918 to 1924. When President Wilson delivered his war message to a joint session of Congress on April 2, 1917, Senator Lodge was punched in the face by a pacifist as he entered the Capitol building. Lodge responded by striking back at the pacifist before his assailant was led away by U.S. Cavalry providing security.
60. Organs of the American civil liberties union and its accomplishments : In 1917, Roger Nash Baldwin became head of the National Civil Liberties Bureau (NCLB), an independent outgrowth of the American Union Against Militarism, which opposed American intervention in World War I. The NCLB provided legal advice and aid for conscientious objectors and those being prosecuted under the Espionage Act of 1917 or the Sedition Act of 1918. In 1920, the NCLB changed its name to the American Civil Liberties Union, with Baldwin continuing as its director. Jeannette Rankin, Crystal Eastman and Albert DeSilver, along with other former members of the NCLB, assisted Baldwin with the founding of the ACLU. Since it was created it has been involved in almost every civil liberties case in the U.S. courts, among them, the Monkey trial of 1925, Brown v. Board of Education case that ended federal tolerance of radical segregation .
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