c: Chu guys can get a SMALL taste of what I have to stuff my brain with on a daily basis!! :c...I miss high school's study guides...Now I have to actually study with flash cards and not get study guides v.v;
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TREMATODES
AKA: flukes
Unsegmented
Leaflike
Have a thick outer cuticle and one or more suckers or hooks for attaching to host tissue.
Paragonimus kellicotti
Common Name: Lung Fluke
Host: Dog and cat
Clinical Signs: Pulmonary disease and hemoptysis
Geographic - Eastern US and Canada – drainage areas of the Mississippi and St. Lawrence waterways.
Paragonimus kellicotti
Prevalence – Fairly common
Transmission - Ingestion of crayfish or paratenic host
Diagnosis - Radiographs and/or eggs (oval single operculated) in feces
Control - Difficult in cats that are allowed outdoors
PHS – don’t eat raw crustaceans
Fasciola hepatica
Common name: Common liver fluke
Host: Cattle and Sheep
Clinical signs: weight loss, hepatic trauma due to migration, may result in hepatitis and death.
Geographic: worldwide (mainly tropical areas)
Fasciola hepatica
Prevalence: Fairly common
Transmission: Ingestion of eggs or snail.
DX: Finding eggs (more yellow and filled than kellicoti) in fecal sedimentation.
Control: Prevent livestock access to snail-infested pastures.
PHS
Fasciola hepatica - PHS
Disease: Fascioliasis
Geographic: worldwide
TRANS: Ingestion of contaminated greens
Clinical Signs: colic and obstructive of the bile ducts
Fasciola hepatica adult
Nanophyetus salmincola
Common name: Salmon Poisoning Fluke
Host: Dog and cat
Clincial Signs: Hemorrhagic enteritis
Geographic: Oregon, Washington
Nanophyetus salmincola
Prevalence - Common in dogs that eat raw fish
Transmission - Eating raw fish containing infective form of trematode
Diagnosis – Finding eggs in feces
Control - Important not to feed raw fish to dogs
PROTOZOANS
PROTOAN CHARACTERISTICS
Single cell organisms with one or more membrane-bound nuclei containing DNA and specialized cytoplasmic organelles.
Most are free-living - in soil, wet sand, and in fresh, brackish, and salt waters.
Produce cysts instead of eggs
Protozoa are almost as widely distributed as bacteria.
Host habitats vary. They may live in cells, tissues, blood plasma or digestive tract.
Eimeria spp.Isospora spp.
Common name: Coccidia
Host: Ruminants, pigs, poultry, rabbits, dogs, cats, and horses.
Clinical signs: Coccidiosis; small and large bowel infection that results in severe diarrhea containing mucus and blood, fever, inappetence, weight loss
Geographic distribution: Widespread
Eimeria spp.Isospora spp.
Prevalence - Common, especially in young
Transmission - Ingestion of sporulated oocysts from environment, or paratenic hosts
Diagnosis – Finding oocysts in feces (Can’t identify different species)
Control - Remove feces promptly (oocysts require time to sporulate)
Cryptosporidium spp.
Common name: Crypto
Host: Calves
Clinical signs: persistent diarrhea
Geographic: worldwide
Cryptosporidium spp.
Transmission: Ingestion of sporulated oocysts. Fecal contamination of the feed or water supply.
DX: Finding oocysts in fecal
Control: Calves should be kept separate without calf-to-calf contact for at least the first 2 wk of life, with strict hygiene at feeding.
PHS
Cryptosporidium spp. - PHS
Direct infection from animals
Waterborne infection from contamination of water.
Toxoplasma gondii
Common name: Toxo
Host: Cat
Clinical signs: Diarrhea, fever, hepatitis, may be asymptomatic intestinal infection.
Geographic distribution - Widespread
Prevalence – highly pathogenic to humans
Toxoplasma gondii
Transmission - Ingestion of infective meat (rodents, birds, mutton, pork), or oocysts from soil and contaminated objects
Diagnosis – Finding oocysts in feces
Control - Cats that hunt are likely to be infected.
PHS
Toxoplasma gondii - PHS
Disease- flu-like symptoms, fever, malaise, swollen lymph nodes, severe disease in children infected in utero
Geographic distribution – Widespread
Transmission – Ingestion of infective undercooked meat (mutton - sheep, pork), or oocysts from soil-contaminated objects
Control - Avoid consumption or handling of infected meat. Pregnant women should not come in contact with cat feces in litter pans or soil.
Giardia spp.
Common name: Giardia
Host: Dog and Cat
Clinical signs: Diarrhea (intermittent or chronic)
Geographic distribution - Widespread
Prevalence - 20% to 40% of shelter dogs (can be 100% of dogs in kennel and breeding colonies)
Giardia spp.
Transmission - Drinking contaminated water, oral - fecal contact
Diagnosis – Finding cysts (most common, very retractile) or trophozoite (kite shaped, movement)
Control - Provide clean water, bathe to remove any fecal debris
PHS – don’t drink contaminated water.
Haemobartonella felis
COMMON NAME: Feline infectious anemia (FIA)
HOST: Cats
CLINICAL SIGNS: Any anemic cat may be suspected of having FIA. Fever, anemia leads to jaundice, anorexia, lethargy, depression, weakness, and splenomegaly are common.
GEOGRAPHICAL - worldwide
PREVALENCE – fairly common
Haemobartonella felis
TRANS – Fleas and ticks become infected through a bite and transfer infection on. In the cat, can also be spread from the queen to her kittens.
DX – blood films. Organisms appear as small cocci, rods, or rings on the outside of erythrocytes.
CONTROL – tick and flea control
Anaplasma marginale
COMMON NAME: Cattle tick fever
HOST: Ruminants
CLINICAL SIGNS: Anemia, decrease milk production, inappetence, loss of coordination, breathlessness when exerted, rapid pulse, pale or yellow mucous membranes. Pregnant cows may abort.
GEOGRAPHICAL – worldwide
PREVALENCE – fairly common
Anaplasma marginale
TRANS – Bite from infected tick (Dermacentor spp), transplacental, contaminated needles, dehorning or other surgical instruments.
DX - Blood films. Intracellular organisms appear as basophilic, spherical inclusions that are generally located near the margin of erythrocytes
CONTROL – Control ticks
Babesia spp.
COMMON NAME: Piroplasma
HOST: Ruminants, horses
CLINICAL SIGNS: fever, inappetence, increased respiratory rate, muscle tremors, anemia, jaundice, and weight loss
GEOGRAPHICAL: worldwide
Babesia spp.
PREVALENCE – fairly common
TRANS – Bite from infected tick, intrauterine (rare)
DX: Blood films. Finding large parasites in red blood cells.
CONTROL – control ticks
Babesia
Trypanosoma sp.
COMMON NAME: unknown.
HOST: affects all domestic animals
CLINICAL SIGNS - fever, anemia, and weight loss
GEOGRAPHICAL – Africa, Central and South America’s.
Trypanosoma sp.
PREVALENCE – rare
TRANS – infected fly bite
DX – Evaluation of blood smear and buffy coat. Parasites are found in plasma.
CONTROL – fly control
PHS
Eperythrozoon sp.
COMMON NAME: unknown
HOST: affects all domestic animals
CLINICAL SIGNS - fever, anemia, and weight loss
GEOGRAPHICAL - worldwide
Eperythrozoon sp.
PREVALENCE – uncommon
TRANS – Bite from infected arthropods (lice, fleas, mosquito’s, ticks)
DX – Evaluation of blood films. Finding organisms on the surface of erythrocytes and free in plasma
CONTROL – control arthropods
PHS
Ehrlichia canis
COMMON NAME: Unknown
HOST: Dogs
CLINICAL SIGNS - Anorexia, depression, stiffness and reluctance to walk, edema of the limbs, coughing or dyspnea may occur. Most acute cases are seen in the warmer months.
GEOGRAPHICAL - worldwide
Ehrlichia canis
PREVALENCE – fairly common
TRANS – Bite from infected Brown Dog Tick
DX – blood film evaluation – finding Ehrlicha in WBC’s. Thrombocytopenia is a relatively consistent finding of infection so a platelet count is an important
CONTROL – control ticks
PHS
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